Appraisal for Democracy by Plato, Aristotle and Thucydides

In general, we can think of and consider democracy as a system or a structure of government made up of four key pillars. First, as a political system involved in choosing and interchanging the leadership through free and fair voting. The second pillar would be the active involvement of the citizens both in civic life and politics. Third is the safeguarding of the human rights of every citizen. Then finally as rule of law, which apply equally in the society. However, for the purpose of this paper, we focus on discussions of ancient Greeks on the practice and theory of democracy as a system of government. Appraisal for Democracy by Plato, Aristotle and Thucydides Plato is one dominant figure in the history of democracy. It is important to note, however, that he is in fact pivotal for the crucial questions he asked about democracy. His character is so strong such that even after veering off the public’ s favor he continues to stress on the cracks of democracy. Although unpleasing to consider his reasonable points, on weakness in democracy that he pointed out continues to disturb me. Plato suggested that, a big danger lay in uniting people of different cultures and abilities. He suggested that having that unitary group under one leader, was risky for the greater good as it conferred the individual so much power that might be subject to abuse. Such an individual could probably manipulate the public through rhetoric. In my view that case is solid and has come to be proven, several

The Question For Modern Day Society - 1949 Words

The first words in Bible are, â€Å"In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth† (Genesis 1:1, English Standard Version). This statement leaves a question for modern day society. Does this verse mean God created the universe in six literal days and rest on the seventh? Or could it possibly mean this was a non-literal text that leaves room for the possibility of evolution. Evolution and Creationism have been battling over this issue for many years. What must be realized before examining these two theories is the fact that both require faith. Requiring faith means neither can be proven right completely. These two theories bring to light the literal and non-literal reading of Genesis 1 and 2. Creationism believes in the literal interpretation of the text, and evolution, specifically theistic evolution, believes in non-literal interpretation. The literal interpretation states God created everything in six days just as it states which leaves little wiggle room for the no n-literal interpretation. However, there is some scientific reasoning and fact that can reinforce their system of thinking. While a non-literal theistic evolutionist approach is a plausible option of the account in Genesis one, the Creationist’s literal interpretation outweighs the non-literal because the analysis of the text agrees with the literal approach and the current scientific evidence, history, and authority of scripture point to a young earth. The non-literal interpretation of the Holy ScriptureShow MoreRelatedThe Lost Tools Of Learning1396 Words   |  6 Pagesthe modern day education system. Sayers states, â€Å"if we are to produce a society of educated people, fitted to preserve their intellectual freedom amid the complex pressures of our modern society, we must turn back the wheel of progress some four or five hundred years†(Sayers, 1). The Trivium, a medieval education style would not only improve students education, but student’s ability to bec ome critical thinkers through Grammar, Logic, and Rhetoric. With the return of the Trivium to modern day educationRead MoreThe Loved One1705 Words   |  7 Pagestechniques to show humility’s countless attempts to cheat death and by doing so, leads to the death of spiritual, emotional and cultural death of our society. Through the two texts, â€Å"The Loved One† by Evelyn Waugh a post-war satirical novel written in 1948 that deals with the superficiality and materialism of the funeral industry in modern day society and â€Å"death† an episode of the popular British sitcom Absolutely Fabulous written in the 90’s that comments on the rise of consumerism and the trivializingRead MoreNegligence Or Strict Liability?1294 Words   |  6 PagesWould one consider including pain and suffering, which in today’s modern society, as part of the remedy, pain and suffering is given consideration. Men quarreling would consider this type of compensation should an injury result from the quarrelling. If we look at this example from modern day of law, one would question if the elements of negligence were met and if so, the injured party is entitled to recover for damages. Modern day law would also consider any contributory factors or whether both partiesRead MoreAnalysis Of J Alfred Prufrock And Preludes1183 Words   |  5 PagesElliot is seen as one of the most influential modernistic poet of all time. Elliot’s poems evidently highlight the real face of modern man and modern existence by exploring the social realms that society is placed under in a desolately described, modernistic world. TS Elliot describes the industrialised world in both J Alfred Prufrock and Preludes as a disjointed, dehumanised world where mundane activities are ever-present in people’s lives. Elliot focuses on using the character’s viewpoint throughRead MoreModern Day American Society By Aaron Devor s Bros Before Hos : The Guy Code ``1635 Words   |  7 PagesThe word patriarchy is rarely openly used to describe modern day American society, yet it is the root of all gender relations. The widely accepted notion that men naturally evolved to become the superior sex is a myth. Aaron Devor’s â€Å"Becoming Members of Society: Learning the Social Meanings of Gender,† and Michael Kimmel’s â€Å"Bros Before Hos: The Guy Code,† both argue that the gender hierarchy America has been built upon is the product of socialization. Devor s essay, written more like a researchRead MoreThe Cult Of Personality : Lynden Voth992 Words   |  4 Pagesnegative connotation in our modern world typically due to the violence that their members undertake in attempting to save their way of life or convert others. The question must be asked then; what would happen if a cult became a place of community rather than a place of religious intolerance? No longer would cults be seen in negative lights such as Jamestown and similar s uicide cults, but instead be an intense bonding experience between like minded members of society. With interpersonal relationshipsRead MoreAncient Roman Clothes And Cosmetics Case Study876 Words   |  4 PagesAssignment Topic: Clothes and Cosmetics By Vanshika Part B: Inquiry Questions Key Inquiry Question: How does Ancient Rome affect what clothes and cosmetics are produced today? What did the cosmetics consist of,were the materials harmful for your skin and how has that changed today? How did the clothes vary between different genders and ranks of people? Did everyone in the Ancient Roman society have access to clothes and cosmetics? Part C: Extended Response Word Count:770Read MoreThe Article What s Blocking Sustainability? 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From the eleventh century to the present day, as recorded by Douglas Harper, the definition of good has continued to evolve. Originally, English speakers used the German-derived term in reference to attributesRead MoreA Male Dominant Society1816 Words   |  7 PagesIn order to create a logical and reason based argument that the modern society is still tilted towards a male dominant society, or what the sociologists refer to as a patriarchal society, it is pivotal that a thorough understanding of the characteristics of a patriarchal society is developed. When a st rong grasp of the ideas of a patriarchal society is developed then we will be in a position to argue that it is in fact the commoditization of the female sexuality through media and other popular mediums

Phyllis Hunter on Reading Rockets Reaction Paper Free Essays

Reaction Paper to Phyllis Hunter on Reading Rockets The podcast of Phyllis Hunter on Reading Rockets: Meet the Experts titled Teaching Reading demonstrated the importance of teaching children to read right the first time. According to Hunter (2008) reading is the first civil right because without being able to read well and strategically, one is unable to access his or her other civil rights and that teaching children to read is a schools first mission. Children need to be reading at grade level or above before completing the third grade (Hunter, 2008). We will write a custom essay sample on Phyllis Hunter on Reading Rockets: Reaction Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now I agree with Hunter’s statement that good is not good enough when we can do better. Teaching children to read is one area where we cannot afford to settle for good, we must strive for best. Reading is a fundamental skill that is necessary for all future learning. Hunter (2008) discussed the need to use the research and not teach with the method that he or she feels is the right thing. Teachers need to be able to read and evaluate research to find what will be of value and has creditable in classroom instruction. Teachers must be committed to being a lifelong learner. Learning must then be incorporated into the classroom teaching practices. Stanovich Stanovich (2003) contend that â€Å"scientific research about what works does not usually find its way into most classrooms. † Teachers must be committed to making proven methods a part of their daily instruction techniques. According to Hunter (2008) the best schools use the proven research methods in their classroom. Taylor (2002) referenced the following characteristics of teachers who are effective in teaching children to read: Maintaining instructional balance, spark higher-level thinking by discussing what was read, teach how to transfer skills and strategies to independent reading, coaching as children are reading and writing, foster a sense of responsibility in children for their own learning, provide motivating instruction with many opportunities for reading and writing, teachers have high expectations that their pupils can do well, manage their classroom, foster strong parent relationships. If one agrees with Hunter that our children deserve the best in reading education, then one must develop the best characteristics in ones teaching style. Just as it is best to teach reading right the first time, it is best to start out on the right path using proven methods than to try to correct latter. References Hunter Phyllis, (2008). Phyllis Hunter (Teaching Reading). Reading Rockets present Meet the Experts. Retrieved September 2, 2008, from http://www. readingrockets. org/podcasts/experts Taylor, B. M. (2002). Characteristics of teachers that are effective in teaching all children to read. National Education Association. Retrieved September 2, 2008. Stanovich, P. J. , Stanovich, K. E. (2003). Using Research and Reason in Education. National Institute for Literacy. Retrieved September 2, 2008, from http://www. nifl. gov/partnershipforreading/ How to cite Phyllis Hunter on Reading Rockets: Reaction Paper, Essay examples

Impact of Tourism on Wildlife-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Tourism on Wildlife. Answer: Introduction The term tourism can be defined as a travel for the purpose of business or pleasure. The theory of touring, the business that is a result of constant travel, accommodating guests, their entertainment and the task of operating tours is also involved in this term (Hong, 2015).Tourism can involve both international and domestic travelling. Tourism is a growing industry and for many countries, it is a major source of livelihood and income. Tourism tends to involve the economy of both the host country and the source country. Due to the economic slowdown in the period 2007-2008, tourism suffered a great blow. Terrorism, the outbreak of influenza virus and other such activities also played a role in affecting tourism. Tourism involves travelling places that vary from metropolitan cities, villages, beaches, mountain ranges or jungles and wildlife (Ivanov Webster 2012). This report is based on the impact of tourism on wildlife. Wildlife tourism involves observation and interacting with the local plant as well as animal life in their natural habitat. Although this kind of tourism includes eco and friendly tourism, hunting and other high intervention activities also tend to fall under the umbrella of wildlife tourism (Onofri, Nunes, 2013). In simple terms, wildlife tourism can be described as the interaction of humans with wild animals and other marine animals in their own habitat (Dann Chambers, 2013). This interaction is done in various ways, which range from active methods like hunting to passive methods like photography. In various countries like Canada, Australia, Africa, South America, Malaysia and Maldives, wildlife tourism forms and important part of the tourism industry. Recently, this sector has witnesss tremendous growth. Figure 1: Wildlife Safari disturbs parents-offspring relationship (Source: Hall Page, 2014) Water based activities in tourism like cruises, boats, fiving, water bike and others have become an important part of various tourist packages. These tend to interact with the marine animals and affect them adversely (Hall Page, 2014).This report throws light on the impacts of tourism on the wildlife including both animals in the terrestrial environment as well as in the marine. It highlights both the positive effects as well as the negative effects of tourism on these thereby underlying the harm to the life of these animals (Goeldner Ritchie, 2012). The various difficulties in the measurement of the impact of tourism have also been discussed along with the precautionary principle to their management. Impacts of tourism on wildlife Tourism has various impacts on the wildlife existence, some of which have been discussed below: Negative Impacts Wildlife tourism can cause disturbances to animals in their natural habitat. Tourism activities, which tend to based on minimal or no direct contact to the wildlife, tend to affect their lives adversely (Thurstan et al., 2012). The growing interest in being closer to the nature has boosted the resort and hotel constructions, particularly in the forests (Buckley, 2012). Taking the example of Kenya it can be said that the wildlife observing activities tend to drive the cheetah population way from their reserves, which increases the risk of inbreeding, and further endangers their species. Some specified negative impacts have been given below Effect on Breeding and feeding patterns The tourists who visit these places for photography or a hunt can affect the feeding patterns as well as the hunting of some species. An increase in the boat traffic in Manu National Park in Peru greatly disturbs the feeding of the giant otters (Kerlinger et al., 2013). Tourist guides often tend to dig up the nests of the turtle and tend to chase the swimming animals in order to provide the client with better opportunities of coming close to the nature. In Zimbabwe, the noise that tourists generate has had an effect on the drinking and feedback patterns of animals like the black rhinoceros and elephants (Lucrezi, Saayman van der Merwe, 2013). Figure 2: Tourism affects breeding and feeding patterns of the animals(Source: Murphy, 2013). Parent offspring bonds are disrupted The wildlife tourism also tends to have an effect on intra relationships between the animals. It has been observed that when these animals are observed by a group of tourists, they tend to spend less time with their offsprings (Hughes, 2013). Whales, female harp seals and other marine animals have also been affected by these. Increasing vulnerability Very often, certain species, which are viewed in wildlife tourisms, become more vulnerable to predators (Cong et al., 2014). The evidence has been observed in reptiles, mammals and birds Increased mortality and poaching Poaching is a common practice undertaken by hunters where the hunters take the lives of animals for their specific features like horns skin, pelts and other physical features. These features are useful to the hunters as the market value of these is quite high (Kibara, Odhiambo Njuguna, 2012). However, these unique physical features are very important for the animals themselves as they play a crucial rule in their survival against natural predators in their eco-system (Wongthong Harvey, 2014). Figure 3: The marine life is also spoiled by tourism. (Source: Hughes, 2013) Changes in habitat Due to pollution, which results from the smoke emitted by the vehicles carrying the tourists, a great amount of destruction is caused to natural habitats (Ziegler, Dearden Rollins, 2012). Vehicles including all-terrain vehicles, dirt bikes ad off road vehicles, which are driven across streams and other water bodies, lead to loss of stability on the steam bank and lead to erosion. Positive Impacts The tourists visiting these wildlife places help in contributing funds required for the conservation of the wild life (Murphy, 2013). The financial donations that are earned help in the conservation efforts. Some wildlife tourism operations contribute to the monitoring of wildlife general research, which is relevant to the conservation. Difficulties in Measuring the Impact of Tourism on Wildlife and application of precautionary principle to their management. Various methods have been formulated to measure the impact of Tourism on Wildlife. Methods like line transect surveys and distance-sampling methods are generally used to study the harmful effect. Line transect surveys are generally done during the morning as well as evening. However, there are certain limitations associated with these methods. For example, in distance sampling theory, many animals remain undetected (OMalley, Lee-Brooks Medd, 2013). Even in methods like visual line transect surveys, the transects are randomly placed thereby creating constraints on establishing the transects in the forest as a whole. Therefore, there is no proper method involved and these methods are often based on assumptions, which are not relevant for all kinds of situations Conclusion Therefore, from the discussion it can be stated that, tourism has an adverse impact on the wildlife habitat as well as population, both terrestrial and marine. These impacts are difficult to measure as there is no proper method to do so. The methods that exist are based on assumptions, which do not apply in all conditions. Hence, the wildlife should be preserved and tourism near wildlife areas should be limited References Buckley, R. (2012). Sustainable tourism: Research and reality.Annals of Tourism Research,39(2), 528-546. Cong, L., Wu, B., Morrison, A. M., Shu, H., Wang, M. (2014). Analysis of wildlife tourism experiences with endangered species: An exploratory study of encounters with giant pandas in Chengdu, China.Tourism Management,40, 300-310. Dann, P., Chambers, L. (2013). Ecological effects of climate change on Little Penguins Eudyptula minor and the potential economic impact on tourism.Climate Research,58(1), 67-79 Goeldner, C. R., Ritchie, J. B. (2012).Tourism: principles, practices, philosophies(No. Ed. 12). John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Hall, C. M., Page, S. J. (2014).The geography of tourism and recreation: Environment, place and space. Routledge. Hong, E. (2015). See the Third World while it lasts: The social and environmental impact of tourism with special reference to Malaysia. Hughes, K. (2013). Measuring the impact of viewing wildlife: do positive intentions equate to long-term changes in conservation behaviour.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,21(1), 42-59. Ivanov, S. H., Webster, C. (2012). Tourisms impact on growth: the role of globalization. Kerlinger, P., Burger, J., Cordell, H. K., Decker, D. J., Cole, D. N., Landres, P., ... Temple, S. (2013).Wildlife and recreationists: coexistence through management and research. Island Press. Kibara, O. N., Odhiambo, N. M., Njuguna, J. M. (2012). Tourism and economic growth in Kenya: an empirical investigation.The International Business Economics Research Journal (Online),11(5), 517. Lucrezi, S., Saayman, M., van der Merwe, P. (2013). Managing diving impacts on reef ecosystems: Analysis of putative influences of motivations, marine life preferences and experience on divers' environmental perceptions.Ocean coastal management,76, 52-63. Murphy, P. E. (2013).Tourism: A community approach (RLE Tourism). Routledge. OMalley, M. P., Lee-Brooks, K., Medd, H. B. (2013). The global economic impact of manta ray watching tourism.PloS one,8(5), e65051. Onofri, L., Nunes, P. A. (2013). Beach lovers and greens: A worldwide empirical analysis of coastal tourism.Ecological Economics,88, 49-56. Thurstan, R. H., Hawkins, J. P., Neves, L., Roberts, C. M. (2012). Are marine reserves and non-consumptive activities compatible? A global analysis of marine reserve regulations.Marine Policy,36(5), 1096-1104. Wongthong, P., Harvey, N. (2014). Integrated coastal management and sustainable tourism: A case study of the reef-based SCUBA dive industry from Thailand.Ocean Coastal Management,95, 138-146. Ziegler, J., Dearden, P., Rollins, R. (2012). But are tourists satisfied? Importance-performance analysis of the whale shark tourism industry on Isla Holbox, Mexico.Tourism Management,33(3), 692-701.

Atomic Radius Definition and Trend

Atomic Radius Definition and Trend Atomic radius is a term used to describe the size of an atom, however, there is no standard definition for this value. An atomic radius may refer to the ionic radius, covalent radius, metallic radius, or van der Waals radius. Atomic Radius Periodic Table Trends No matter what criteria you use to describe the atomic radius, the size of an atom is dependent on how far out its electrons extend. The atomic radius of an element tends to increase the further down you go in an element group. Thats because the  electrons become more tightly packed as you move across the periodic table, so while there are more electrons for elements of increasing atomic number, the atomic radius may decrease. The atomic radius moving down an element period  or column tends to increase because an additional electron shell is added for each new row. In general, the largest atoms are at the bottom lefthand side of the periodic table. Atomic Radius Versus Ionic Radius The atomic and ionic radius is the same for atoms of neutral elements, such as argon, krypton, and neon. However, many atoms of elements are more stable as atomic ions. If the atom loses its outermost electron, it becomes a cation or positively charged ion. Examples include K and Na. Some atoms might lose multiple outer electrons, such as Ca2. When electrons are removed from an atom, it might lose its outermost electron shell, making the ionic radius smaller than the atomic radius. In contrast, some atoms are more stable if they gain one or more electrons, forming an anion or negatively charged atomic ion. Examples include Cl- and F-. Because another electron shell isnt added, the size difference between the atomic radius and ionic radius of an anion isnt as much as for a cation. The anion ionic radius is the same as or slightly larger than the atomic radius. Overall, the trend for the ionic radius is the same as for the atomic radius: increasing in size moving across and decreasing moving down the periodic table. However, its tricky to measure the ionic radius, not least because charged atomic ions repel each other. Measuring Atomic Radius You cant put atoms under a normal microscope and measure their size- although you can kind of do it using an atomic force microscope. Also, atoms dont sit still for examination; they are constantly in motion. Thus, any measure of atomic (or ionic) radius is an estimate that contains a large margin of error. The atomic radius is measured based on the distance between the nuclei of two atoms that are barely touching each other, which means the electron shells of the two atoms are just touching each other. This diameter between the atoms is divided by two to give the radius. Its important, however, that the two atoms dont share a chemical bond (e.g., O2, H2) because the bond implies an overlap of the electron shells or a shared outer shell. The atomic radii of atoms cited in the literature are usually empirical data taken from crystals. For newer elements, the atomic radii are theoretical or calculated values, based on the probable size of the electron shells. How Big Are Atoms? A picometer is 1-trillionth of a meter. The atomic radius of the hydrogen atom is about 53 picometers.The atomic radius of an iron atom is about 156 picometers.The largest measured atom is cesium, which has a radius of about 298 picometers.

Euthenasia essays

Euthenasia essays Euthanasia is also known as mercy killing, but it is hard-core murder. Killing is killing, it cannot be justified as mercy killing or killing out of compassion. Taking another human life is plain wrong, and there cannot be any exceptions whatsoever. The act of euthanasia proves to the society that life is not precious and can be ended just like that. Terminally ill patients, rather than giving up and killing themselves, should spend time with their families and doing things that they want to do. The patients should let nature take its course and not await death; rather they should enjoy and live life to the fullest, so they wont have any regrets. Euthanasia is not a safe or respectable practice and it should remain illegal, not just in Canada, but in other parts of the world. Life is a sacred gift. If a society loses its belief that life is a gift, the life in that culture will be meaningless and death will be at a very cheap cost. The Doctors in Nazi Germany did not believe that life was a sacred gift. They began authorizing euthanasia for mentally ill and deformed individuals. From mentally ill and deformed people, they started authorizing euthanasia for the undesirables. Soon, they were able to justify the extermination of six million Jews, Poles, Evangelicals, and other that seemed expendable by Hitlers Third Reich. If a society feels that it is right to end life because it is not the quality that they want it to be, soon they will be justifying other atrocities by cloaking it with masks of compassion and realism. Even patients suffering from diseases that can be cured by euthanasia are speaking out against the act. Janice Elsner, a patient suffering from a progressing muscular dystrophy, believes that life is a gift no matter what the situation. A ssisted suicide is sending the opposite message that if someone is becoming an inconvenience or a burden, they can just ...

Deutsche Bank is a global universal bank. What are the advantages and Essay

Deutsche Bank is a global universal bank. What are the advantages and disadvantages of a global universal bank and what are som - Essay Example The Deutsche bank holds a record for being the only bank that has strived to achieve omnipresence. Evidently, universal banks exhibit multiple benefits to the clients, but a closer analysis reveals that they have certain disadvantages. This paper will highlight the advantages and disadvantages of universal banks. Moreover, the paper will analyse the issues that arise when handling tasks in the compliance department. Advantages of Universal Banks Universal banks offer their clients a diverse range of services to different clients having the opportunity to receive personalized services that conform to their banking needs. Usually individuals, groups, organizations, states and multi-national organizations exhibit varying financial needs. The fact that universal banks have the capacity to offer tailor-made services, they surpass other banks by offering each client service that conforms to personal financial needs. This is the reason why universal banks offer a high level of convenience t o the clients (Heller, Meaney & Murphy 2001, p. 78). They serve as a single-stop banks where one can access all the required financial needs. Evidently, such convenience receives emphasis from the presence of most universal banks in different regions, affording the clients an increased banking flexibility even beyond the borders. Recent research reveals that universal banks serve as critical contributors to the economy. This is because they have the capacity to support a diverse range of investments in different parts of the globe. Universal banks exert their effect on the entire economic system, altering the economic trends by providing financial breakthroughtwo different types of clients. Universal banks serve private household clients, offering arrange of appealing service packages appropriate for them (Palepu2007, p. 87). Moreover, universal banks offer a range of services to institutional clients empowering them to receive the required the financial boost to achieve their goals . This factor has served as a reliable solution to the financial problems of many institutions as they can form investment partnerships with universal banks. These services are offered at a relatively lowered funding cost compared to other banks. Evidently, universal banks register a low level of profiling costs, placing them in a better position to offer services at the lower funding cost compared to other banks. Moreover, these banks exhibit a lower funding cost themselves, explaining further why they favour all types of clients. Universal banks have served to increase the willingness of credit borrowers, a factor that has contributed to the rising returns for clients who wish to save. This has been especially advantageous to governments that exhibit financial needs that require borrowing. Moreover, this proves to be highly beneficial to other clients, and contributes to a surging growth. This has given rise to an evident rise instability of the economies by causing as the spread of innovations in different regions in the globe (PadoanBrenton & Boyd 2003, p. 34). Disadvantages Although universal banks exhibit all these benefits, they face a surging pressure to satisfy all the clients in different regions.These banks face the compulsion of maintaining a high quality of their services (Lambert&Ioma2005, p.98). They have to ensure that they are responsive; clear in communication, prompt, and a high level of integrity in offering

International Political Theorie Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

International Political Theorie - Coursework Example Everyone ue theorie--whether he or he know it or not--and diagreement about policy uually ret on more fundamental diagreement about the baic force that hape international outcome. Take, for example, the current debate on how to repond to China. From one perpective, China' acent i the latet example of the tendency for riing power to alter the global balance of power in potentially dangerou way, epecially a their growing influence make them more ambitiou. From another perpective, the key to China' future conduct i whether it behavior will be modified by it integration into world market and by the (inevitable) pread of democratic principle. From yet another viewpoint, relation between China and the ret of the world will be haped by iue of culture and identity: Will China ee itelf (and be een by other) a a normal member of the world community or a ingular ociety that deerve pecial treatment (Necati , 447-477) In the ame way, the debate over nato expanion look different depending on which theory one employ. From a "realit" perpective, nato expanion i an effort to extend Wetern influence--well beyond the traditional phere of U.. vital interet--during a period of Ruian weakne and i likely to provoke a harh repone from Mocow. From a liberal perpective, however, expanion will reinforce the nacent democracie of Central Europe and extend nato' conflict-management mechanim to a potentially turbulent region. A third view might tre the value of incorporating the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland within the Wetern ecurity community, whoe member hare a common identity that ha made war largely unthinkable. Where Are We Coming From The tudy of international affair i bet undertood a a protracted competition between the realit, liberal, and radical tradition. Realim emphaize the enduring propenity for conflict between tate; liberalim identifie everal way to mitigate thee conflictive tendencie; and the radical tradition decribe how the entire ytem of tate relation might be tranformed. The boundarie between thee tradition are omewhat fuzzy and a number of important work do not fit neatly into any of them, but debate within and among them have largely defined the dicipline. Realim Realim wa the dominant theoretical tradition throughout the Cold War. It depict international affair a a truggle for power among elf-intereted tate and i generally peimitic about the propect for eliminating conflict and war. Realim dominated in the Cold War year becaue it provided imple but powerful explanation for war, alliance, imperialim, obtacle to cooperation, and other international phenomena, and becaue it emphai on competition wa conitent with the central feature of the American-oviet rivalry (Daniel , 111-128) Liberalim The principal challenge to realim came from a broad family of liberal theorie. One trand of liberal thought argued that economic interdependence would dicourage tate from uing force againt each other becaue warfare would threaten each ide' properity. A econd trand, often aociated with Preident Woodrow Wilon, aw the pread of democracy a the key to world peace, baed on the claim that democratic tate were inherently more peaceful than authoritarian tate. A third, more recent theory argued that international intitution uch a the International Energy Agency and the

Fukushima power plant disaser Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fukushima power plant disaser - Essay Example The events resulted in an explosion and partial nuclear meltdown in three operational reactors of the plant. However, it never caused serious fatalities given the rapid response including evacuation efforts. Even though the disaster never caused many deaths, it comprises of the significant occurrences in the global history. It remains as the biggest nuclear disaster that took the authorities about 14 days to completely shut down the facility and several years to decommission and restore the effects. The collapse began when the tsunami severely damaged three operational reactors in plant number 1 and 2 at the Fukushima Daiichi. Subsequently, the shutdown stopped operations of the site by stopping the backup diesel generators thereby leading to a site blackout. The blackout and tsunami resulted in the failure of seawater pumps thus hindering cooling of the reactors. It then led to the meltdowns in the three primary reactors of the facility. In response, the government issued an evacuation notice for people within the 3-kilometre radius and later 10 km radius because of the magnitude of the challenge (Fukushima Accident). The radiations contaminated the Pacific Ocean water and caused massi ve air pollution. It also led to displacements of people, disruption of the way of life, the decline in the economic activities. The Tokaimura accident in 1999 triggered the development of radiation-resistant robots. However, a task force that included the representatives of Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) discredited the robots in 2002. Besides, no nation or plant projected the possibility of occurrence of a disaster similar to the Chernobyl. The firms also showed belief in the skilled employees to manage and limit the occurrence of nuclear accidents. Hence, dissolution of radiation robots enhanced Japan’s vulnerabilities and limited the response options to the Fukushima disaster (Lochbaum, Lyman and Stranahan 40). Earlier on, the Tokyo Electric Power

The Trojan Horse Virus: An Overview

The Trojan Horse Virus: An Overview Another type of malware that is not technically a virus because there is usually no auto-replication is a Trojan horse program, which seems to be something useful, as a free utility, but actually contains some kind of malware. The unhappy about a Trojan program that is running the software users willingly and still do not know what is causing problems on their systems. Rootkits are a form of Trojan horse programs that can monitor the traffic from a computer, monitor keystrokes and capturing passwords. Are the most modern backdoor on one system and are between the most insidious Trojan horse software because they can mask that the system has been compromised by changing the file system and drivers needed for the normal operation of the computer. Viruses A virus is a program that spreads, replicating it in other programs or documents. Its only purpose is to interrupt the operation of your computer or network by deleting or corrupting files, disk formatting or by using large quantities of computer resources. Viruses and worms that spread through e-mail attachments were common place for years. They are simple to avoid; just dont open any attachments from emails sent by someone who you arent expecting a message. Even if you know the sender, careful; malware programs may use address book from an e-mail program to send messages, causing you to believe that the message is safe. In fact, most virus scanners detect a virus or worm contained in an e-mail message and often excludes the annex before it ever reaches your Inbox, but if the virus is very new, it cannot be detected. Worm A worm is similar to a virus that replicates automatically, but a worm does not attach to another program; indeed, it is a standalone program. Worms are now more common than viruses, because with the Internet and network connectivity, worms in general do not need help to spread. Whereas a virus requires a user to run the program that contains the virus to operate and then copy this file to spread a worm can do their work without any help and can propagate through a network connection available. Some insidious actions that a worm can commit include using the network bandwidth, deleting files, send e-mails and creating backdoors in computers. NETWORK SECURITY POLICY Without a security policy, the availability of your network can be compromised. The policy begins with the assessment of risk to network and build a team to respond. Continuation of the policy requires the practical implementation of change management and monitoring of network security for breaches of security. Finally, the review process modifies the existing policy and adapts the lessons learned. The last area of responsibility is the answer. While often network monitoring identifies a security violation, the security team members that are the real solution and fixing of such violation. Each Member of the security team should know in detail the security features provided by the equipment in its operational area. While we define the responsibilities of the team as a whole, you must define the individual roles and responsibilities of the security team members in your security policy. Approving Security Changes Security changes are defined as changes to network equipment that can have an impact on overall network security. Your security policy must identify the requirements of specific security configuration in non-technical terms. In other words, instead of setting a requirement as no outside sources FTP connections will be allowed through the firewall, set the requirement as outside connections should not be able to retrieve files from inside the network. You need to define a unique set of requirements for your organization. The security team should review the list of simple language requirements to identify issues of design requirements or specific network configuration. After the team created the network configuration changes necessary to implement the security policy, you can apply these possible future configuration changes. Although it is possible for the security team review all changes, this process enables them to only review the changes that risk sufficient to justify special treatment. We recommend that the security team to review the following types of changes: Any change in the firewall configuration. Any amendment (ACL) of access control lists. Any changes to the configuration of the simple network management protocol (SNMP). Any change or update software that differs from the list of approved software revision. We recommend that you also meet the following guidelines: Change passwords for network devices on a routine basis. To restrict access to network devices to a list of approved personnel. Ensure that the current revision levels of environments software network servers and equipment are in accordance with the security configuration requirements. Monitoring Security of Your Network Security monitoring is similar for network monitoring, except focuses on the detection of network changes that indicate a security breach. The starting point for security monitoring is to determine what constitutes a violation. Conduct a risk analysis, we identify the level of monitoring required based on the threat to the system. By adopting security changes, we identify specific threats to the network. Looking at both of these parameters, I will develop a clear picture of what you need to monitor and frequency. In risk analysis matrix, the firewall is considered a high-risk network, indicating that he should follow. In approving security changes section, youll find that you must monitor for changes to the firewall. This means that the SNMP polling agent should monitor things such as failed login attempts, unusual traffic, changes to the firewall, access granted to the firewall and configuration of connections through the firewall. Following this example, create a monitoring policy to each area identified in your risk analysis. We recommend that the equipment of low risk, medium risk equipment weekly and daily monitoring equipment high-risk per hour. If you need more rapid detection, monitor in a short time interval. Finally, your security policy should address how to notify the security team of security breaches. Often, your network monitoring software will be the first to discover the breach. It should trigger a notification to the operations centre, which in turn shall notify the security team using a pager number, if necessary.

home school Essay -- essays research papers

Home schooling is another way for a child to receive his or her education. It is one of many alternatives to regular schooling (classrooms and schools). It is the oldest alternatives to regular schooling and one of the most effective. There are many true stories proving that home schooling is an effective and often successful way to teach you child. But first lets talk about home schooling began in the U.S. Home schooling started in colonial America, (around 1777 to 1783) for most colonial homes, home schooling was the only thing available. According to the Texas home school coalition, our founding fathers had a strong conviction that children should be able to read for the very important reason of reading the Bible for the spiritual benefits and truth it contained (Texas home school coalition 1997). Sometimes parents would hire a tutor to teach their children subjects in which they did not feel qualified (Texas home school coalition 1997). It wasn’t till later that education developed into religious training in the universities in the Ivy League. These universities were strictly there to train ministers. According to the THSC (Texas Home School Coalition), the entrance requirements often included being able to read and translate Hebrew, Latin, and Greek. Eventually, communities and states began to establish schools funded by the government however, these schools still had a strong religious up bringing. Home schooling has been around for a long time. But most people won’t know the steps it takes to successfully home school a child. But, to fully understand these steps one must first learn the basics of home schooling. Home schooling means to teach or be taught at home. Home schooling is to teach children at home, or be taught at home rather than in the public school system, using an approved curriculum. Of course the parents have to have a degree to teach their children (except in New Jersey). According to the New Jersey Education laws all high schools in New Jersey will accept students who were taught by their parents. The parents have to bring proof of the child’s progress and the names of the textbooks the child has used (NJ Education Laws 1). I do not think many colleges can accept students that went through home schooling at a high school level. These laws differ from state to state. California's Department of Education maintains that you can't hom... ...com. 2002 30 Mar. 2003 Rasicot, Julie. â€Å"College without a campus.† Good Housekeeping. Sep. 1997: p156 Academic search premier. EBSCOhost. Middlesex County College Library, Edison. 20 Mar. 2003 Texas home schooling coalition. â€Å"A home school history lesson.† Texas Home Schooling Coalition. 1997 3 Apr. 2003 Kendler, KS. â€Å"Social Phobia† Psychology Today. 1995 3 Apr. 2003 Wilkes, Byron. â€Å"If all you have is a hammer†¦can you build a solid foundation for your child’s learning?† The Old House. 2000-2003 Hallowell, Edward M. â€Å"What I’ve learned from ADD.† Psychology Today. May/Jun 97 15 Apr. 2003 Ray, Brian D. â€Å"Home Schooling: The Ameliorator of Negative Influences on Learning?† PJE: Peabody Journal of Education. 2000 Academic search premier. EBSCOhost. Middlesex County College Library, Edison. 15 Apr. 2003 New York Education laws. â€Å"NY education code for homeschooling.† Gomilpitas.com. 2002 16 Apr. 2003 California’s Education laws. â€Å"NY education code for homeschooling.† Gomilpitas.com. 2002 16 Apr. 2003 Bruner, Kimberly. â€Å"Homeschooling: A natural.† Countryside & Small Stock Journal. 2001 Academic search premier. EBSCOhost. Middlesex County College Library, Edison. 15 Apr. 2003

Marketing Reflection Paper Essay

Marketing is a major component for most business in the United States but is only just beginning to take hold in the healthcare field. Within the healthcare arena the concepts of marketing has taken a long time to develop. In the late 1970s Evanston Hospital in Illinois was the first hospital to hire a marketing person for healthcare. We are now in the early 21st Century and healthcare marketing is going full steam ahead. The purpose of this essay is to examine some of the healthcare marketing techniques and its possible impact on healthcare workers. General OpinionI have only been working in the healthcare industry for about seven years. Of the seven years, I worked five of them in one large medical center in a local town. Marketing was never a part of my vocabulary until recently. I honestly didn’t pay too much attention to advertising campaigns until I started working for Saint Francis Medical Center in Cape Girardeau, Missouri. Mass communication was and still is a major marketing technique that Saint Francis uses. A day doesn’t goes by that you will not see the â€Å"Medical Minute† spot on the local television stations. Shortly after Saint Francis started using this technique, three other local hospitals developed their own television campaigns. Even though some people may get tired of the constant bombardment of these TV commercials, I believe that they may save lives as well as promote more business for the hospitals. As quoted by Wagner, Fleming, Mangold, and Laforge (1994), a 46-year old male wrote to a local hospital thanking them for saving his life through their TV campaign on the signs of heart attacks. From this campaign, this individual was able to identify that he was having a heart attack at which time he went straight to the emergency room. Another technique that Saint Francis used was the â€Å"We Care† campaigns. According to Beckham (2001) the â€Å"We Care† campaign was listed under the section â€Å"What Hasn’t Worked† of his article. Beckham claimed that consumers are more concerned with competence and results than whether the hospital cares or not. In my opinion, I would have to agree with this concept. Yes, Saint Francis did care, but is the service good? I believe that the TV campaigns are more successful as a marketing tool than wearing buttons reading â€Å"We Care.†Are Current Marketing Techniques Affecting Consumer  Trends?The answer to this question is hard to pin down at this point in my current opinion. According to Beckham (2001), some marketing strategies worked better than others. Positioning is one technique where an organization/hospital creates an image of clinical competence. Becham claimed that â€Å"positioning required more than advertising and facilities: there had to be underlying capabilities, and evidence, to back up the claims.† Another technique that Becham outlined in his article was â€Å"Missionary Work,† which is used when a physician cannot compete with his local hospital physicians and goes out into the countryside and builds relationships with the primary care physicians for referrals. This proved to be a successful technique being used. I do believe that the new techniques such as the ones mentioned above have or will affect consumer trends. The technique that I believe affects the most is the missionary work technique. There was a time when consumers believed that the only healthcare available to them was the primary care physician within their small countryside communities. Now with the relationships that are being built between the local physicians and the small countryside physicians, more specialized healthcare can be offered/provided to the citizens of these small communities. Thus, the trend of only using the local hometown physician has changed. Negative Impact on Healthcare WorkersI am sure some healthcares workers can be found that do not believe there is a negative impact from the techniques being used within healthcare. However, I believe there are some. Take for instance the technique outlined by (Wagner, Fleming, Mangold, & Laforge, 1994) of the marketing technique of building image and not on increasing demand for services. The negative impact that could be realized here is losing consumer business because consumers want to know more about the services provided to meet their needs than the hospital image. One hospital was quoted as having to shut its doors because of this type of marketing technique. The impact here is loss of jobs for the staff members of the hospital. A positive impact would be due to the technique that was listed as under the  sub-title â€Å"What Worked† in the article written by Beckham (2001). When the techniques work, everyone benefits because the consumer is satisfied and will continue to use the services, as well as, refer their friends to the hospital/clinic. ConclusionUnlike prior to the late 1970s marketing is now considered one the most important aspects of healthcare. There are many marketing techniques used today in which some have proven to work and others not so well. The main point to remember is there has to be a complete understanding of the background and foundation that identifies the importance of marketing. The right people need to be hired as marketing staff. If the wrong person is selected, not only will business fail, but healthcare workers would be affected as well. Marketing is good, it just has be worked properly for all to benefit from it. References Beckham, C. (2001, Jul/Aug). 20 years of healthcare marketing. Health Forum Journal, 44(4), 37-40. Retrieved June 29, 2008, from ProQuest database. Wagner, H. C., Fleming, D., Mangold, W. G., & Laforge, R. W. (1994). Relationship marketing in healthcare. Journal of Healthcare Marketing, 14(4), 42-47. Retrieved , from EBSCOhost database.

Free Essays on The Truth About Lying

The Truth About Lying It is seen as one of the worse acts committed; it’s so bad that the bible speaks several times against it. However, it is something that each and every one of us does almost uncontrollably. I’m talking about lying and liars, or people who lie have a bad name in this society. But let’s be honest here, lying is a normal human aspect of life. In this society the overall moral and realistic view is that truthfulness is of virtue. But if one would try to imagine a world without lying, realistically thinking, it would be a world full of hurt and disappointment . Whoever said that honesty is the best policy, is lying. First of all, lying is natural. It is not something that is learned, rather something that we as humans do biologically. Lying is something that is a part of us from birth. A good example is young children and the tall tales that they often tell. Children are not taught how to tell tall tales, it is simply something that is a part of them by nature. In saying that, I believe it is also important to mention that fact that most of these tall tales in which children tell are often very harmless and do no damage to anyone. Knowing this, it a wonder how people see lying as something so abnormal and wrong when it is something that the average human being does on a regular basis. Studies show that the average human being lies 200 times per day. Even though a great amount of these are considered to be â€Å"little white lies†, if you consider 200 lies per day, 365 days per year, times 6 billion people in this world, you do the math. How is it possible to say that all of these lies are wrong and then go on to say that honesty would have been the policy or the better idea? Wouldn’t one consider the reasoning behind all of those lies and then further conclude that it is not safe to say that all of these lies are wrong? What needs to happen first, is the realization that not all lyin... Free Essays on The Truth About Lying Free Essays on The Truth About Lying The Truth About Lying It is seen as one of the worse acts committed; it’s so bad that the bible speaks several times against it. However, it is something that each and every one of us does almost uncontrollably. I’m talking about lying and liars, or people who lie have a bad name in this society. But let’s be honest here, lying is a normal human aspect of life. In this society the overall moral and realistic view is that truthfulness is of virtue. But if one would try to imagine a world without lying, realistically thinking, it would be a world full of hurt and disappointment . Whoever said that honesty is the best policy, is lying. First of all, lying is natural. It is not something that is learned, rather something that we as humans do biologically. Lying is something that is a part of us from birth. A good example is young children and the tall tales that they often tell. Children are not taught how to tell tall tales, it is simply something that is a part of them by nature. In saying that, I believe it is also important to mention that fact that most of these tall tales in which children tell are often very harmless and do no damage to anyone. Knowing this, it a wonder how people see lying as something so abnormal and wrong when it is something that the average human being does on a regular basis. Studies show that the average human being lies 200 times per day. Even though a great amount of these are considered to be â€Å"little white lies†, if you consider 200 lies per day, 365 days per year, times 6 billion people in this world, you do the math. How is it possible to say that all of these lies are wrong and then go on to say that honesty would have been the policy or the better idea? Wouldn’t one consider the reasoning behind all of those lies and then further conclude that it is not safe to say that all of these lies are wrong? What needs to happen first, is the realization that not all lyin...

How Christmas Trees Became Popular in the 1800s

How Christmas Trees Became Popular in the 1800s The husband of Queen Victoria, Prince Albert, gets the credit for making Christmas trees fashionable, as he famously set one up in Windsor Castle in the late 1840s. Yet there are reports of Christmas trees appearing in the United States years before the royal Christmas tree made a splash in American magazines. One classic yarn is that Hessian soldiers had been celebrating around a Christmas tree when George Washington caught them by surprise at the battle of Trenton. The Continental Army did cross the Delaware River to surprise the Hessians on Christmas night 1776, but there is no documentation of a Christmas tree having been present. Another story is that a Hessian soldier who happened to be in Connecticut set up Americas first Christmas tree in 1777. While thats accepted local lore in Connecticut, there also doesnt seem to be any documentation of the story. A German Immigrant and His Ohio Christmas Tree In the late 1800s a story circulated that a German immigrant, August Imgard, had set up the first American Christmas tree in Wooster, Ohio, in 1847. The story of Imgard appeared often in newspapers as a holiday feature. The basic version of the tale was that Imgard, after arriving in America, was homesick at Christmas. So he cut down the top of a spruce tree, brought it indoors, and decorated it with handmade paper ornaments and small candles. In some versions of the Imgard story he had a local tinsmith fashion a star for the top of the tree, and sometimes he was said to have decorated his tree with candy canes. There actually was a man named August Imgard who lived in Wooster, Ohio, and his descendants kept the story of his Christmas tree alive well into the 20th century. And there is no reason to doubt that he decorated a Christmas tree in the late 1840s. But there is a documented account of an earlier Christmas tree in America. First Documented Christmas Tree in America A professor at Harvard College in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Charles Follen is known to have set up a Christmas tree in his home in the mid-1830s, more than a decade before August Imgard would have arrived in Ohio. Follen, a political exile from Germany, became known as a member of the abolitionist movement. The British writer Harriet Martineau visited Follen and his family at Christmas 1835 and later described the scene. Follen had decorated the top of a spruce tree with small candles and presents for his son Charlie, who was three years old. The first printed image of a Christmas tree in America seems to have occurred a year later, in 1836. A Christmas gift book titled A Strangers Gift, written by Herman Bokum, a German immigrant who, like Charles Follen, was teaching at Harvard, contained an illustration of a mother and several small children standing around a tree illuminated with candles. Earliest Newspaper Reports of Christmas Trees The Christmas tree of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert became known in America in the late 1840s, and in the 1850s reports of Christmas trees began appearing in American newspapers. A newspaper report described an interesting festival, a Christmas tree, which was viewed in Concord, Massachusetts on Christmas Eve 1853. According to the account in the Springfield Republican, all the children of the town participated and someone dressed as St. Nicholas distributed presents. Two years later, in 1855, the Times-Picayune in New Orleans published an article noting that St. Pauls Episcopal Church would be setting up a Christmas tree. This is a German custom, the newspaper explained, and one that has been of late years imported into this country, to the great delight of the young folks, who are its especial beneficiaries. The article in the New Orleans newspaper offers details indicating that many readers would be unfamiliar with the concept: A tree of evergreen, in size adapted to the dimensions of the room in which it is displayed, is selected, the trunk and branches of which are to be hung with brilliant lights, and laden from the lowest bought to the topmost branch, with Christmas gifts, delicacies, ornaments, etc., of every imaginable variety, forming a perfect storehouse of rare presents from old Santa Claus.What indeed can be more gratifying to children than to take them where their eyes will grow big and bright, feasting on such a sight on the eve of Christmas. A Philadelphia newspaper, The Press, published an article on Christmas Day 1857 which detailed how various ethnic groups had brought their own Christmas customs to America. It said: From Germany, in particular, comes the Christmas tree, hung all round with gifts of all sorts, interspersed with crowds of small tapers, which illuminate the tree and excite general admiration. The 1857 article from Philadelphia whimsically described Christmas trees as immigrants who had become citizens, stating, We are naturalizing the Christmas tree. And by the time, an employee of Thomas Edison created the first electric Christmas tree in the 1880s, the Christmas tree custom, whatever its origins, was permanently established. There are a number of unverified stories about Christmas trees in the White House in the mid-1800s. But it seems the first documented appearance of a Christmas tree wasnt until 1889. President Benjamin Harrison, who always had the reputation of being one of the less interesting presidents, was nonetheless very interested in Christmas celebrations. Harrison had a decorated tree placed in an upstairs bedroom of the White House, perhaps mostly for the entertainment of his grandchildren. Newspaper reporters were invited to see the tree and wrote fairly detailed reports about it. By the end of the 19th century, Christmas trees had become a widespread tradition throughout America.

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 7

Marketing - Essay Example In accordance with the above, for the needs of the particular marketing campaign, the geographic segmentation of the Australian market should be developed as follows: a) emphasis should be given on the urban areas – where the population is significant and where more perspectives exist for new products entering the particular markets, b) as noted in the map of Australia, the urban life is mainly developed in the country’s Eastern regions – where more of the cities are sited; therefore, a priority should be given to the promotion of the particular product in the Eastern regions of Australia; the promotion of the product in the country’s other regions could follow. ... his point of view, the particular product is expected to be welcomed in the Australian market, b) the socioeconomic status of the people in the country’s urban areas – main places of destination for the particular product – could not affect the performance of the product in the Australian market, since the price of the product is rather low, being accessible to people with different levels of income; in any case, the high percentage of people in Australia are of average and high financial status, which means they could easily afford to buy the specific product. The above view is in accordance with that of Wedel and Kamakura (2000) who noted that demographic and lifestyle information can have similar roles in market segmentation (Wedel and Kamakura 2000, 242). 3.3 Psychographic Segmentation In the context of the psychographic segmentation, the Australian market would be reviewed as of the criteria used by locals in order to buy specific products. These criteria wi ll be developed under the influence of the local cultures and ethics but also the average socioeconomic status, which, in the case of Australians, can be characterized as satisfactory. Indeed, most people in Australia have a satisfactory income – the average net wealth of a household in Australia has been estimated to $348,000 – which means, they could easily afford to buy the specific product. Moreover, the involvement in a wide range of activities is a common practice for people in Australia; therefore, their social life is likely to be significant; thus, their look should be good, in the context of the common social patterns. Consumers in Australia would welcome the particular product as it could help them to improve the quality/ health of their hair. At this point, the following issue should be

HR Strategy Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

HR Strategy Management - Essay Example The idea of the culture of excellence would serve to develop national cadre within the objective of the organization. It would also serve to develop the system used in service provision within the organization. Dubai municipality encompasses the following strategies; employment and nationalization, behavioral skills assessment at the assessment center, successive planning and specifying manpower within the organization. The Talent Management Section (TMS) that was formed within the municipality for the same purpose implements this. Specifying manpower would be the most indispensable of all the strategies. This would entail allocating the employees specific work that they have gotten to perform. Individuals are assigned various tasks that they are qualified in doing. This gives and asserts responsibility together with accountability of those involved. This would also ensure that delegation is done well and places filled up when an individual is missing. This would also include plannin g of the work that has to be done within the municipality and the time to be allocated for various activities. Planning would also involve acquiring the resources such as capital at the right time that would be used in carrying out tasks. This would result in goal or objective attainment for the organization. Successive planning is another strategy that is applied at the office of Dubai Municipality. ... It would also be in terms of human resource management that would involve employees. The municipality has employed enough people that carry out its activities; this ensures completion of work in time to ensure customer satisfaction. There is also performance and behavioral skills assessment aimed at provision of quality services that would put customer complains to minimal levels. When customers are satisfied all is well, and every person is happy. This prompts the Municipality to carry out performance assessment on its employees. This would act to make them carry out their work effectively and efficiently to achieve customer satisfaction. Behavioral skills are also assessed with the main aim of knowing how customer complaints are handled within the organization. This would involve how employees carry themselves when handling customer related issues. It would also be r5elated to the relation between employees within the organization. Good relations between employees would give maximu m output, which is required in firms or organizations providing services to the organization. The Assessment Centre within the Dubai municipality makes this possible. This is concerned with assessments aimed at knowing the competence of the workers and level of performance. This section requires qualified individuals who would carry out their work with integrity and minimal supervision (Dreher and Dougherty, 163). There is also career planning that aims at self-development of the employees of Dubai Municipality. Different sections exist within the municipality and this call for different knowledge and expertise. Therefore, individuals are identified and trained in their career lines. This would encourage specialization and

Racism in the White Dog Film Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Racism in the White Dog Film - Assignment Example As demonstrated in the movie, â€Å"White Dog,† racism is seen to be a deep-seated issue in the society in which every race harbors some resentment against other races. The film was highly criticized across the United States for its racist views. The White Dog is a movie that demonstrates racial conflicts and disparities. At the beginning of the movie, actress Julie Sawyer finds a stray white dog that she takes gives treatment and goes looking for the owner. She is unsuccessful in tracing the owner hence she ends up having the dog with her. A rapist attacks Julie one night but the dog protected her. This makes Julie decide to adopt the dog despite the fact that her boyfriend was opposed to it. In advancing the racial theme, the dog happens to have been trained against the black people. In the process, it ends up killing a black truck driver as well as Julie’s colleague (Pearl 11). This demonstrates racial discrimination; the reasons for targeting only the blacks in a negative way reveal the black race in a bad light. Apparently, the dog was trained in order to attack black people that it came across. However, despite the dog being seen to be a racist or having been trained to be a racist, it goes further to save Julie from the hands of a rapist irrespective of their tribal affiliation. There is a variation in the perception of characters towards racial prejudice. Julie was one of the characters that outstood in developing an intervention towards the situation of the white dog. She realized that the dog had some training that did not go well with her expectations. This made her embark on looking for a dog trainer. The first one she meets is called Carruthers, who also harbors anti-racism thoughts hence he recommends that the dog should be killed.

Poetry Essay Example for Free

Poetry Essay The poem described the speaker’s longing and hope for her happiness in life. As she raises everyday, she depicts life at its best to fulfill her joy and contentment even if she is alone. The four stanza poem discussed the character’s identity and idea towards joy and contentment in life. The speaker wants to convey to her readers that whatever circumstances they may have; it is a great start to thank God for a new day of life. The first stanza discussed the emotions of the speaker as she faces the new day. The second stanza discussed how she thanked her creator for the new beginning of challenges and happiness. The third stanza discussed how the speaker prayed for the people around her whether they are in the same race or not. The last stanza described how the earth is filled with gladness if equality and justice exist. The speaker described her prayer through this poem. It is a selfless desire to transform the earth into salvation and peace despite of all the injustices and social inequality. On the other way around, the title also described the wholeness of the poem. It serves as the identity and apparent illusion of the poem. The title of this poem showed the main idea of the poem as it reveals the attack of the poet. In conclusion to this, it can be said that the poem is too short to read and understand. The poem has simple thoughts to convey to its readers. The attack of the poet showed how prayer becomes powerful despite of all the troubles and fears of the society.

Discussion on Women Education and Empowerment in India

Discussion on Women Education and Empowerment in India Women constitute almost half of the population in the world. But the prevailing masculine ideology made them suffer a lot as they were denied equal opportunities in different parts of the world. The rise of feminist ideas have, however, led to the tremendous improvement of womens condition through out the world in recent times. India being a developing nation and having huge tussles among its political, religious and administrative organs resulting into blocked development and the worst effect of that we can witness into women condition .They do not have proper chance to learn and grow and access to education has been one of the most pressing demands of womens rights . Women education in India has also been a major preoccupation of both the government and civil society as educated women can play a very important role in the development of the country. History of Women Education in India(4,6):Although in the Vedic period women had access to education in India but as the time grew they lost this right to avail education and academic exposure. However, in the British period there was revival of interest in womens education in India due to Britishers strong influence to the core Indian education system. During this period, various socio religious movements led by eminent persons like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar emphasized on womens education in India. Mahatma Jyotiba Phule, Periyar and Baba Saheb Ambedkar were leaders of the lower castes in India who took various initiatives to make education available to the women of India. They also ensured about their participation in the social gatherings and events by introducing them into polity and administration at all levels. However womens education got a fillip after the country got independence in 1947 and the government has taken various measures to provide education to a ll Indian women. As a result womens literacy rate has grown over the three decades and the growth of female literacy has in fact been higher than that of male literacy rate. While in 1971 only 22% of Indian women were literate, by the end of 2001 54.16% female were literate. The growth of female literacy rate is 14.87% as compared to 11.72 % of that of male literacy rate and is on growing path. Government has taken a step forward by making education compulsory and free to girl child till the age of fourteen. They are getting reservations in public sector exams and private sectors like Banks, Transport Services, Hospitality and Tourism, Healthcare etc. (4. Freedom Struggle By- Bipin Chandra Pal) Table The Literacy Rate in India 1901-2011 Percentage  Ã‚   of  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Literates  Ã‚  Ã‚   to  Ã‚   total  Ã‚  Ã‚   population Year  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Persons  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Males  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Females 1901  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   9.8  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   0.7 1911  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5.9  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   10.6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1.1 1921  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   7.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   12.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1.8 1931  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   9.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   15.6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2.9 1941  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   16.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   24.9  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   7.3 1951  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   16.7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  24.9  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   7.3 1961  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   24.0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   34.4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   13.0 1971  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   29.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   39.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  18.7 1981  Ã‚           Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   36.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   46.9  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   24.8 1991  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   52.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   63.9  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   39.2 2001  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   65.38   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  76.0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   54.0 2011(Recent data) 74.04 82.14 65.46 The above table shows that there is an improvement in women literacy in India during the years. But when we compare it with male literacy it becomes a concern area. (9. Censusindia.gov.in) Importance of Women Education in India(7):Women education in India plays a very important role in the overall development of the country. It not only helps in the development of half of the human resources, but in improving the quality of life at home and outside. Educated women not only tend to promote education of their girl children, but also can provide better guidance to all their children. Moreover educated women can also help in the reduction of infant mortality rate and growth of the nation. Education is a potent tool in the emancipation and empowerment of women. Its true that greatest single factor which can incredibly improve the status of women in any society is education. It is indispensable that education enables women not only to gain more knowledge about the world outside of her shell and home but helps her to get status, positive self esteem, and self confidence. It imparts necessary courage and inner strength to face challenges in life. Apparently it also facilitates them to procure a job and supplement the income of family and achieve social status. Education especially of women has a major impact on health and nutrition as an instrument of developing a sustainable strategy for population control. Moreover educated women can play an equally important role as men in nation building. Thus there is no denying fact that education empowers women. For example the different organs of the United Nations and experts on womens liberation argue for womens education as the basic step to attain equality with men. ( 7. Saraswathi Mishra, Status of Indian Women,Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 2002) Obstacles:As we have discussed earlier to improve women education and condition in India various initiatives and corrective measures have been done but still a lot is expected to be accomplished. THE ROOT CAUSES FOR LOW LITERACY AMONG WOMEN IN INDIA Women education is a multi-dimensional phenomenon. No single factor or cause can be held responsible for very low literacy rate of women in India. Subsequently it is associated with combination of many factors including social, cultural, economic, educational, demographic, political and administrative and so on. The following are the some of the important factors which could be attributed for the present poor state of affairs of womenfolk in education. The Lower Enrolment: The lower enrolment of girls in schools is one of the foundational factors which stand as stumbling block for women empowerment in India. Reliable sources indicate that more than 50 % of the Non-Starters (those who have never been to school) are girls.   According to the latest statistics, two out of every ten girls in the age group of 6-11 are still not enrolled in schools. (1) Higher drop-out rate among girls from schools: The incidence and prevalence of drop -outs among girls especially in rural, tribal and slums areas seem to be quite high. According to available sources, occurrence of drop-out and stagnation amongst girls is nearly twice that of boys all over India. (1) Girl Child as Second Mother:In many families girl children play the role of second mother by shouldering the responsibilities of household work such as looking after the sibling, fetching water, collecting firewood, bringing fodder for cattle, cleaning and cooking etc.   In rural India especially in poor families this traditional sex role makes girl child handicapped and conditioned by the attitude of mother and the family and discourages girl child to go school as it becomes secondary and unimportant. Hence girl child is getting deprived of her basic and fundamental right of education and freedom. (8) Bonded Labor System: This social evil is a quite discouraging phenomena which stand as barrier for girls education in rural areas for the underprivileged families of washer men and agricultural labor , scheduled caste and scheduled tribes. Caste System as a Barrier : Children belonging to low caste families are forced to learn skills and work ways and not encouraged to go to school due to various factors. Strict instruction /threat from high caste communities for their selfish motives of keeping them as domestic servants and child laborers in the farms or factory. We can witness this through the stories of various factories and farm houses in industrial cities of India. Media is also playing a crucial role here in promoting as well as resisting these mishaps. (8) Bane of Dowry:Dowry system and other social practices act as main causes of the neglect of the girl child and discrimination against girl child including the deprivation of right of education. In many families especially poor and down-trodden think that if their daughters are educated more, they have to accumulate more assets and properties to provide as dowry in large proportion at the time of marriage, so prefer rather to either stop their children with average education and so on but never higher education. This prevails more in underprivileged families and communities. (1) Child Labour Practice:A large segment of child population in India is engaged in child labour practices. According to UN sources   India is the most child labour populous nation in the globe with more than 50 million child labourers indulged in beedi works , carpet making , bricks,   mining , quarrying ,glass, bangles, match and fireworks, gem polishing ,handloom works. zari,   embroidery ,coir industry, domestic works, construction etc. In most of these industries girl children are preferred for high productivity and low cost. (8) Poor School Environment for girls: In general the school environment for girls in India is not really interesting and encouraging. The subjects taught in schools are also not related to the environment of girl children. The methods of teaching are mostly out dated, rigid and uninteresting. There are still hundreds of schools with poor basic amenities such as drinking water, latrine and toilet facilities, improper building, and inadequate number of teachers especially female teachers preferable for any parents for safety of their girl children from different types of exploitation and abuse. (7) Female age at marriage: There is high association of female literacy with female age at marriage.   By and large the female age at marriage of 18   ( recently 21 years ) as prescribed by various legislations not at all followed in India .It is very much ignored and neglected by the families of parents with low literacy and illiteracy background. This obnoxious practice discourages female children to continue their schooling and higher education as they enter into family life at the early age which is not advisable from the physical and mental health point of view and also of social development. (7) Inferiority, subservience and domesticity:The female child in Indian culture especially in rural, tribal and poor families is expected to develop the qualities of inferiority; subservience and domesticity which place sever limitations on her education and development. They are considered to be lesser important for getting knowledge of outside world and exposure to education and liberty. (6) Poverty as a Barrier: In many poverty stricken families, children especially girls are considered as economic  Ã‚   assets as they bring income for livelihood as well to save from economic crises due to death or incapacity of parents (sick/ handicapped/aged). Ineffective Law Enforcing Machinery:Indian constitution and various legislations pertaining to education to children assure free and compulsory education all children of this nation but unfortunately the enforcement machinery fail to discharge its duties and responsibilities to the satisfaction of the public interest and welfare of women. Due to this wrong implementation of right policies also women of our country is getting severely affected. (5) Demographic Factors:The high population growth rate, rapid urbanisation, migration etc also attribute immensely for the poor literacy level of women and girls in India. In these frequent transition girl Childs and women are getting neglected, uncared and unheard. (5) Poor Political Will and Conviction: Government officials, policy makers, politicians etc of our country have neither political will nor conviction for the empowerment of women in general. The only think about their personal benefits and money making ignoring the welfare of the community for whom and by whom they have reached to that position. It is a very sad and disappointing aspect of Indias democracy. (5) Gender discrimination:It still persists in India .Male are still dominating and commanding the social structure of the nation and lot more needs to be done to improve womens participation in this regard e.g. womens education. The gap in the male-female literacy rate is just a simple indicator. While the male literary rate is more than 75% according to the 2001 census, the female literacy rate is just 54.16%.Prevailing prejudices, low enrollment of girl child in the schools, engagements of girl children in domestic works and high drop out rate are major obstacles in the path of making all Indian women educated. (6) Poor Academia:Another reason for poor quality of women educationhere is the poor quality of teachers ingovernment schools .Government schools are unable toattract good quality teachers due toinadequate teaching facilities and low salaries. The government currently spends only 3% of its GDP on educationwhich is inadequate and insufficient. Toimprovethe quality of education, the government needs tospend more money from its coffers on education. (4) Steps to improve their Participation: A A significant development in recent years has been the mushrooming of community-based organizations and initiatives at the local level for women. Reports indicates that self-help programs, often in the form of savings and credit or micro credit schemes, have succeeded in changing the lives of poor women, enhancing incomes and generating positive externalities such as increased self-esteem. Micro credit is about much more than access to money. It is about women gaining control over the means to make a living. It is about women lifting themselves out of poverty and vulnerability. I is about women achieving economic and political empowerment within their homes, their villages, their countries. (5) In this whole paper we have discussed about women condition in India in terms of access to education, opportunity to learn and grow and problems in achieving the same and at last some of the measures to rectify the errors and making things happen. B-One more initiative taken by the government is the voucher system. Under the voucher system, parents are allowed tochoose a school for their children and they get full or partial reimbursement for the expenses from the government. But however, the voucher system has also a draw back because it will further aggravate the problem of poor quality of educationingovernment schools. Such a system will shift resources from government schools toprivate schools. This will worsen the situation of government schools which are already under-funded. Moreover, if the same amount given as vouchers can be used tobuild infrastructure inschools then the government can realize economies of scale. (6) C-The government of India has also felt the need to put in place an appropriate institutional mechanism to look after the Education Rights of Women and thus instituted the formulation of All India Womens Conference, National Womens Commission and State Womens Commission. At the same time government has approved special grants and allowances to NGOs working for the cause of women upliftment and social mobility. Self Help Groups have also been constituted at Panchayat level to provide a platform for the rural women to discuss issues such as family planning, child marriage, widow remarriage, Sati, domestic violence. Mother Teresas Women Universityhas greatly helped in the cause of women empowerment who received Noble Peace Prize for her genuine social work. (6) D -India is getting a great help from World Bankfor the betterment of women education and their empowerment in the country .It has approved funding for Andhra Pradesh Rural Poverty Reduction Programme (APRPRP) thus garnering international supportfor the upliftment of women. Womens reservation Bill in the Lok Sabha has gained momentum with Govt. of India promising the reservation of one-third seats in Parliament for the women. (8) E -One of the recommendations of National Policy on Education (1986) by the Government of India is to promote empowerment of women through the agency of education and it is considered to be a land mark in the approach to womens education of illiterate. The National Literacy Mission is another positive step towards eradication of illiteracy in the age group of 15-35 years. Women education has assumed special significance in the context of Indias planned development, as it is incorporated in every Five-year plans as the major programme for the development of women. Universalization of elementary education, enrolment and retention of girls in the schools, promotion of balwadies and crutches, raising number of schools and colleges of arts , science, and professional for girls , Politechniques, girls hostels, multipurpose institutions and adult education programmes are some of the steps being   taken by both central and state governments in India to boost-up womens education. (5) F    Since the prevailing situation of poor or less enrolment of girls in schools closes the doors for development and prosperity of future generation of women, concerted efforts must be initiated jointly by the government, parents and civil society to achieve universal enrolment for girls without any compromise. The enrolment can be made even mandatory for every girls by the government in the realm of compulsory education. (5) G -The Ministry of Education both at Centre and State level should work out strategic steps to stop firmly the ongoing high drop -outs among girls especially in rural, tribal and slums areas with the serious involvement of voluntary organisations in every locality to realize zero drop-out among girls. (7) H -The poverty stricken families can   be identified through proper research and necessary poverty alleviation   services be provided to strengthen the income   thereby to enable the families to send their children to schools and colleges without much financial difficulties I -Bonded Child labour and Child labour   practice must be abolished with strict administrative measures and the relieved children form bondage   should be integratedinto schools with suitable defence social mechanism. J Appropriate steps should be taken by the educational authorities with the participation of communities in order to bring the girl children to the main stream of education and development at every level including family and community. K -The female child in every Indian family irrespective of socio-economic status should be moulded to overcome the challenges of inferiority; subservience and domesticity which place sever limitations on her education and development. Every family irrespective its socio-cultural and economic background can take it a challenge to bring up their girl children as dignified human being with empowerment in physical , mental, economic and social dimensions of life. (7) L The Midday meal scheme and other educational supportive services like free text books,   Note books , Fee uniforms , Free Bicycles, Free bus , scholarships Free bus pass and so on   as done in the state of Tamil Nadu can be provided in all states and union territories to lift up the literacy level among girls. (6) M -As social evils like dowry, child marriage , caste system and other practices deprive rights of education for children belonging to poor and underprivileged families and communities, they should eliminated through well-designed packages of mass awareness programmes and social welfare measures with full support of   public, political parties, NGOs and government agencies. (7) N -The electronic and print media can play significant role in building a good and positive image about girls and women in general in the society by giving no focus for such advertisements and news fetching commercial gain at the cost of depicting women as an object. This would help in changing the society s attitudes towards girls and their roles to treat every girl or woman as human being with self respect and dignity. (7) O -Government, voluntary sector and philanthropic organisations and individuals should come forward to provide free education for poor girls and provide free   hostel facilities   for girls studying in schools and colleges in every state of India. This will certainly encourage children of poor families to pursue good and higher education without much impediments. (6) P -The schools of social work, departments of women studies, Women Universities and other educational institutions in hand with   NGOs   and social service organisations such as Rotary Clubs , Lions Clubs , women lib organisations associations can work together to improve the educational status of the womenfolk in this country on mutual respect and understanding. (7) Q -The parents of children belonging to poor, underprivileged families   must be specially educated with proper social formula to help them   to understand the significance of education   for their girl children as foundation for empowerment. (1) R -Government, NGOs and public should work hand in hand to implement the minimum age at marriage (21and above) Awareness should be created to institutionalise it as a traditional practice cut acrossing castes, religions, community etc. (5) S Government officials, policy makers, political parties and others should have adequate political will and conviction to empower women in India without double standard mind T -The law enforcing machinery should be made really effective with efficient monitoring vigilant system to implement the constitutional and legislative provisions and administrative measures to assure free and compulsory education for all children of this nation without any gender discrimination. (7) Its true that there is great deal of requirement to uplift women education in India at the grass root level because majority of the female population live in the rural areas .They do not avail the basic things in their life and to get education is still a distant dream for them. However Indian government is coming up with various scheme in their five year plan to make the situation healthy and encouraging for these women. In 1990s, grants from foreign donor agencies enabled the formation of new women-oriented NGOs(3). Self-help groups and NGOs such as Self Employed WomenHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEWAHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEWAs Association (SEWA) have played a major role in womens rights in India. Many women have emerged as leaders of local movements. For example, Medha Patkar of the Narmada Bachao Andolan. Companies like NIIT Ltd. (2) has come up with the project called Affirmative Action where they are taking girls from the down trodden areas and training them about English language, basic computer knowledge and after that helping them to get jobs in Retail, BPO ,Hospitality sectors. In this way the are educating them and by providing jobs women are getting empowered in taking decision, participating in family income and by helping their kids to make the future bright and opportunity oriented. (2 , 3) There is no doubt about the fact that development of women has always been the central focus of planning since Independence. Empowerment is a major step in this direction but it has to be seen in a relational context. A clear vision is needed to remove the obstacles to the path of womens emancipation both from the government and women themselves. Efforts should be directed towards all round development of each and every section of Indian women by giving them their due share. The status of women in India has been subject to many great changes over the past few millennia. From equal status with men in ancient times through the bad phases of the medieval period, to the promotion of equal rights by many reformers, the history of women in India has been on better track. In modern India, women have acquired high offices in India including that of the President, Prime minister, Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Leader of Opposition, etc. The current President of India is a woman. (5) A review of governments various programmes for women empowerment such as Swashakti, Swayamsidha, Streeshakti, Balika samrudhi yojana and another two thousand projects reveal that little has been done or achieved through these programmes. The discrepancy in the ideology and practice of the empowerment policy of women in India constitutes its continued social, economic and social backwardness. Women make up 52% of our countrys population. Hence there can be no progress unless their needs and interests are fully met. Empowerment would not hold any meaning unless they are made strong, alert and aware of their equal status in the society. Policies should be framed to bring them into the mainstream of society. It is important to educate the women. The need of the hour is to improve female literacy as education holds the key to development. (2 , 3) There is no doubt about the fact that development of women has always been the central focus of planning since Independence. Empowerment is a major step in this direction but it has to be seen in a relational context. A clear vision is needed to remove the obstacles to the path of womens emancipation both from the government and women themselves. Efforts should be directed towards all round development of each and every section of Indian women by giving them their due share. I believe with the likes of Pratibha Patil, Sonia Gandhi, Indra Nooyi, Chanda Kochar etc. bagging the top jobs, it would not be long when India would be boosting of its Gender Equality Index (GEI) and Gender Development Index (GDI).Lesser will be the social stigma of women exploitation which have haunted it for many years gone by. Summary: Empowerment can be defined as the totality of the following or similar capabilities: Having decision-making power of their own Having access to information and resources for taking proper decision Having a range of options from which you can make choices (not just yes/no, either/or.) Ability to exercise assertiveness collective decision making Having positive thinking on the ability to make change Ability to learn skills for improving ones personal or group power. Ability to change others perceptions by democratic means. Involving in the growth process and changes that is never ending and self-initiated Increasing ones positive self-image and overcoming stigma Conclusion: From these discussions we can say that the most common explanation of womens empowerment is the ability to exercise full control over ones actions. The last decades have witnessed some basic changes in the status and role of women in our society. There has been shift in policy approaches from the concept of welfare in the seventies to development in the eighties and now to growth in the nineties and now trumpet of empowerment. This process has been further accelerated with some sections of women becoming increasingly self-conscious of their discrimination in several areas of family and public life. They are also in a position to mobilize themselves on issues that can affect their overall position.