Psycho Shower Scene Symbolic Analysis Essay

Psycho has many memorable scenes and objects, from the skeleton in the basement, the dark and creepy house to the first horrific murder in fictional movie history which takes place in the infamous shower scene. The shower scene of Psycho was one of the most controversial scenes in the movie, the era and possibly of all time. The point of the scene begins as the protagonist, Marion Crane, decides to return the money the has stolen and mulling the thoughts over, has a shower. But at closer scrutiny it is revealed that the shower is washing away the darkness and guilt of her crime and seems that she is becoming her innocent self again. The shower is almost unanimously all white, except the bright silver tap, now the white symbolises Marion’s innocence and goodness and that the guilt and evil of her crimes are being washed away, Until half way through the scene, the audience feels that this scene will be a bright and happy scene, until a dark blemish appears on the shower curtain. If light represents goodness, than logically darkness symbolises evil, the audience feels this as a dark spot is revealed on the curtain, which slowly grows larger and larger, showing that the danger is increasing as does the size of the darkness, this is what builds the suspense as consciously the audience is seeing a dark figure approach while their subconscious minds register the symbolism causing twice the tension as would be caused without the rest of the scene. The bathroom light is also visible from this angle and causes the shadow to appear that it is approaching the light. Soon the darkness is large enough to make out the figure of a person. A dark figure trying to destroy the light, it stands there, just long enough to give the audience time to try and work out who did it but their attention is then wrenched back to the movie by the loud piercing sound of screeching violins with only half formed suspicions racing through their minds as they watch in horror as the protagonist is horrifically murdered before their eyes, and a feeling of uselessness as the protagonist squeals her agonized cries and the audience can do nothing but sit and watch. In her last moments, Marion seems to be reaching for something, perhaps she feels herself slipping from this world and needs to feel a material object to maintain her grip on this world, either that, or she also could be reaching for the audience as if she is trying to say â€Å"why didn’t you help me? † She then proceeds to slowly sink to the floor as low pitch, sombre music starts to play. Her hand finally manages to find the shower curtain and wrenches it from the rail as she topples over the edge of the bath. The scene than shows that the one part of the shower that wasn’t white, the tap, the symbol of cleanliness puts on a darker purpose, washing away Marion’s blood, this shows that the symbolism of cleanliness can be used to both purge darkness but also to scrub one clean of it’s life. (petty morbid when you think about it) The final part of this scene begins with an extreme close up of Marion’s un-moving, unseeing, unblinking eye. The fact that the audience realise that their staring into death is quite unnerving, along with the fact that there appears to be a single tear on her face, which shows the immense sadness of the scene, one of the main reasons of the sadness was because the audience had bonded with her and that she had died leaving so much left to complete. After all that was the first time that a movie had killed off the main character as of yet. At the end of the scene, the camera pans around to reveal the money, left unnoticed, never to be revealed to anyone or reveal the truth of Marion’s true intentions. This reveals a sense of loneliness and unfulfilled purpose. If you really scrutinise the scene, it almost appears like the symbology has a story of its own†¦ A grey woman, torn between light and darkness, she had once been white but was lured by temptation and grew darker, now here she sits, realising all she had done and decides to rid herself of the darkness. The lets the darkness drop off her body and begins to cleanse herself till she sparkles once more, she surrounds herself with light and silver and feels the darkness ebbing away. A shadow appears behind her, approaching the her, it pulls back the light and ends her life, the woman reaches for something to hold, an anchor to the material world, to feel for one last time before she departs but ultimately just drags it with her. Then darkness, at the time too weak to change the light manipulates the silver, darkening it and using it to leech away whatever life the white woman had remaining, and leave nothing but a husk, an empty shell that once contained the woman in grey. The body of the woman sheds a tear in the memory of what it had once been, as the tempter gloats, covered in light on the outside yet shady and dark underneath.

Response to Robert Frost’s “Education by poetry” Essay

In his address Education by Poetry given at Amherst College in 1930, Robert Frost introduces the two roles of poetry in education. The first role is that through poetry we cultivate our taste. The second role, which is said to be more crucial, is that poetry teaches us how to discern and understand metaphor in our life. Having read that poetry helps us with our handling metaphor, I naturally reached one simple question. Why is it important to have an ability to identify and comprehend metaphor in our life? In the next paragraph, I would like to give my answer to this very question, simultaneously demonstrating Frosts view point on the importance of the ability. Then, in the third paragraph, from my viewpoint on metaphor, I would like to go further deeper to examining the strengths and weaknesses of one metaphor. To show why it is important to recognize metaphor in our life, the connection between metaphor and thinking on which Frost sheds fresh light in his address is the key. In general, metaphor is a word or phrase used to describe something or somebody else. More specifically, metaphor expresses one thing in terms of another, therefore creating relative values and a certain association between them. According to Frost, this conception of metaphor is the same as that of thinking. To think of one object is to explain that object in terms of another object, and so is to think of a person, an event, and so on. Hence, an amazing thought, which Frost similarly reasons, can be reasoned; metaphor binds everything in this world together. For when you think of something, you are associating it with other thing, which means creating a metaphor, and this applies to all objects, persons, and events that have been recognized in the world. In other words, we construct the world in the form of collection of metaphors. In the world full of metaphor, why can it be petty to handle metaphor well? To correctly understand relative values and kinds of associations among metaphors in the world, to discern metaphor in our life, is vital because, as Frost also implies, accurate understanding and recognition of metaphor mean correct conception of the world around us and, thus, our safety. In this paragraph, I would like to examine one metaphor, especially its strengths and weaknesses, from my viewpoint on metaphor. As explained in the  second paragraph, there are relative values and a certain association between two things involved in metaphor. These values and association are crucial and have to be rational and appropriate in creating a sound metaphor. Yet, there is one decisive factor that changes the rules of metaphor, that is, for whom the metaphor is created. Depending on for whom, metaphors relative values, association, strengths and weaknesses vary drastically. Lets take a look at the metaphor the war on terrorism. Suppose that this is created for America, as in reality, its strengths are, first, that the word terrorism gives right and justice to those who are fighting against it. Second, the word terrorism represents vice in those who have been considered terrorists. Third, the word terrorism can point to any states, to which Americas high places seek its way. On the other hand, its weakness is that because of depersonalizing, though meaning the Middle East countries, the word terrorism can offend any states with which America currently has friendship. All these strengths and weakness do not have to be necessarily right or fair and so may be irrelevant to proper relative values and associations. As Frost cynically says, the devil can quote Scripture.As a conclusion, we live in the world built upon metaphor, the world full of metaphors whether they are good or bad. Hence, to correctly comprehend metaphor is to correctly comprehend the world around us and to ensure our safety. After all, no matter where and how you live, we have to learn metaphors mounted with poetry. Bibliography -Probert Frost Education by poetry

Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Engineering - Essay Example Figure 1: Kariba Dam on the Zambezi river: Zambia/ Zimbabwe Source: http://www.internationalrivers.org/es/kariba-dam/kariba-dam?size=_original Furthermore it also offers valuable lessons in the manner in which a project of such huge magnitude was pulled off successfully in those days, considering the situation in the 1950s. Also, the construction of this dam required displacement of a large number of people living in or near by the dam site, thus attracting various social repercussions in the process (Adey, 2009: 116). The various implications of the establishment and implementation of this project are discussed in the following sections. Geological Setting The Kariba Dam is a double curvature arch concrete dam, reinforced with a spillway gate area (Balon & Coche, 1974). The Zambezi river, prior to reaching Lake Kariba, falls into various slot like gorges, which forms the Victoria falls. The drainage basin of the Congo River lies to the north of Zambia. Topographically, a significant portion of the Zambian territory comprises of an elevated plateau with an altitude of approximately 3000 to 4500 feet. There are highlands in the northeast and northwest territories of the country, with the Muchinga Mountains in the northwest having elevations of approximately 5900 feet. The population centres in Zambia are formed of two key areas, i.e. in the capital city of Lusaka and in the copper belt province of north central Zimbabwe, which comprise of rich deposits of copper ore (Stokes, 2009:751). Figure 2: Physical characteristics of Kariba Dam The soil in the Kariba river basin is deep Kalahari sand formation (Bingham, 2000) thus allowing the water to permeate in it quite easily. This is known to be one of the key reasons behind the occurrence / or high incidence of earthquakes in the area. Since the land was filled with excessive weight (i.e. water) the earth below it breaks down due to the added volume, leading the ground to break. There is evidence relating the level o f artificially created lakes and seismic activities in the area, leading to increased incidences of earthquakes (Jansen, 1988: 744; Goudie & Alexander, 1997: 40). The dam was initially built with a view to generate hydroelectric power; however, the creation of the same drastically altered the geography of the land including significant changes and alterations to the biodiversity of the neighbouring areas. The Kariba Lake was located in the tropics and was one of the first projects to be built in the region. It was created by damming of the Zambezi River which flowed between the two countries i.e. Zambia and Zimbabwe in the year 1959. The building of this lake was referred to as an audacious engineering feat since it was created by clearing up a large proportion of the lands leading to displacement of thousands of locals (Gray, 2000:69). Major problems encountered The construction of the Kariba dam brought about significant changes in the area, especially the generation of electricit y which was the key purpose behind the dam. However, it also led to several problems which are discussed below: Displacement of large number of people: The creation of the dam required displacement of the Tonga tribesmen, who inhabited the area. As many as 75000 tribal people were relocated to other areas during

Intercultural Communications Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Intercultural Communications - Assignment Example However, I am of Asian origin, which is also my race. I am a student which is based on my vocation. Social Identity has a great impact on how I view other people and how they view me. These identities have impacted how I view the world in terms of associating myself with a group. For example, at school I can relate myself with other people as a group of students. This has given me a sense of belonging in this social group. These social identities have also had a positive impact on how other people view me. Even though I am of a different race, this has never been an issue in this country. Other people regard me and have accepted me as their fellow student. Knowledge on social identities has helped people appreciate the similarities and differences among people. Social identity has influenced the people’s view and how they interact with each other where they are able to identify with a particular group and feel closer to the group. The more uniform that individual are, the more likely that they are going to be regarded as members of that group. They will have the positive and negative attributes of the particular group. Social identity is crucial in making social interaction more understandable by categorizing people in various ways based on their similarities and differences (Deaux, 2001). It can be able of point similarities among people in a social

Financial Research Report Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Financial Report - Research Paper Example Apple, Inc. is the second-largest information technology corporation in the world by revenue after Samsung Electronics and also the third-largest mobile phone maker in the world (Ximà ©nez, & Sanz, 2014) As the financial manager, I have made the decision to recommend to my investor that he/she invest heavily in the stock of the Apple Inc. There are a number of reasons behind my decision for the investor to consider investing in Apple. First, Apple is the best investment option owing to the fact that by the end of 2012, according to Bernstein analyst, Toni Sacconaghi (2012), the company alone was responsible for 17% of the gains of the whole Standard and Poor’s Five hundred. Secondly, Apple’s long-term performance over the last ten years has been outstanding. Since 2002, the company’s stock soared 7,800% compared to S&P Five hundred (Birger, 2013). In my opinion, this performance/strength over the past ten years proves that the stock of Apple Inc. is a reliable investment at present and in the future. Additionally, while in the previous periods Apple has been considered specifically as the growth stock company, presently I would consider Apple as not only the gro wth stock company but also the value play company. The reason behind my consideration is that according to Birger (2013), the company experienced â€Å"66% growth in earnings in the past four quarters, a 1.8% dividend yield as well as a price/earnings ratio of 13.3 , which is lower than S&P 500’s 16 P/E† in 2012. All of the aforementioned reasons indicate that even though the company’s stock has significantly dropped by almost 33% since the company’s historic high of $ 700 (September 18th, 2012), Apple is still a strong investment option for the investor (Rich, 2013). Additionally, in August 2013, Carl Icahn (American businessman) invested quite a large amount shares in Apple saying that he thinks the shares are extremely undervalued. Lastly, Apple is famous for its excellent innovation. For

Orphan Brands Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Orphan Brands - Essay Example 1). Marmite is one of those orphan brands that people can tell what it is just from sight, and often grow used to its particular flavor after a while of using it. Children in Britain are generally fed the substance from the time they are weaned, and most never grow out of it. It has a high B-vitamin content, as well as riboflavin and niacin-and as such is very healthy for them to eat. (The vitamin-B complex helps prevent anemia.) Plus, they grow used to the taste, so it is sort of like soda, potato chips, of other snacks that children in the Western world get accustom to as they grow older. The purpose of this paper is first, to discuss branding, and also to define orphan brands and how they are created, determine why they are named orphan brands, why orphan brands are bought by other companies, weather or not it was a good idea for the company to sell them, how strong was the brand, what benefits are achieved from the new company, advantage(s) and disadvantages(s) of the new company, changes that were made by the new company, brand, what benefits are achieved through the new company, and advantages and disadvantages. We are also going to look at the success of the "orphan brands" and if in fact the companies who chose to sell them should have retained the brands or not, and weather or not it would have been more profitable to do so. Marmite: Love it or Hate it For the sake of further explaining the product in question for that those who do not know, marmite is a popular way to make a sandwich and other similar meals. Here is a popular recipe for the Marmite and Cheese Dream, taken from (Marmite.com.uk, 2008, pg. 1): Marmite and Cheese Dream 1. Take a couple of slices of bread and spread with butter. 2. On one of the slices spread your Marmite on top of the butter (we'd recommend 4g, or about the end of a knife). 3. Now lay on a slice of your favourite hard cheese (e.g Cheddar, Emmental etc). 4. Finish off with some salad vegetables and close this delicious combo with the other slice of bread. Other ideas taken from (Marmite.com.uk, 2008, pg. 1) include include the following delicious treats: Marmite and cheese dream The Italian job Ocean lovers' Ploughman's Sunday roast Mediterranean chicken Veggie delight Tomato with a twist Savoury cheese and cucumber Simple cottage cheese open face Cheat's Welsh Rarebit Marmite is a very niche product, and for the people who live it there is nothing else that hits the spot quite like marmite. It is a product that some people will for sure hate, but those that love it will even go out of their way to follow the product across name changes and product transfers. People are for certain loyal to marmite, no matter who is making the brand they love so much. Marmite's getting a 21st Century Makeover Today Marmite is evolving with the trends of the modern food world. According to the discussed herein article entitled Groceries that Time Forgot (2008,pg. 1), "Marmite's getting a 21st-century makeover. You'll either love it or you'll hate it - but Marmite is henceforth to be sold in plastic squeezable bottles as well as in those old-fashioned glass jars." Bowden adds, "Creating a

Changes in Firm's Capital Structure add Shareholder Value Research Paper

Changes in Firm's Capital Structure add Shareholder Value - Research Paper Example The higher the level of debt the higher the level of risk. But nevertheless the higher the level of risk the higher the possible returns on a given level of investment. Shareholder value comes from the demand for and supply of company shares. If the management of the company were to decide in favor of more equity issues, then depending on the demand for the company shares the company value would rise or fall. With that, the shareholder value also would rise or fall. A risk is inevitably associated with the value of the firm viz. managers or agents always prefer a higher level of debt because it increases the value of the firm or its assets. Indeed the risk also increases though from the viewpoint of the manager it’s irrelevant because equity issues would glut the market with company shares and bring down the value of the company. As a result, the existing shareholders cannot be happier. They would get a windfall if they sold their shares now. Similarly when more debt is issued the company becomes entitled to more tax benefits. That, in turn, increases the value of the firm and thereby the shareholder value. The capital market structure of the firm can be examined with reference to a number of theories. The Modigliani-Miller Theorem is the earliest of such theories to consider the relevance of capital structure to determine the value of a firm. In recent times these theoretical constructs have been developed in line with an ever increasing tendency to consider the leverage issue of the company. Leveraging by managers to achieve exclusive personal goals is nothing new. In fact, it’s the conflict of interests between the principals or owners (or shareholders) and the agents (or managers) that have thrust the issue of leverage to the fore. In other words, the complex issues revolving around the capital structure of the firm are basically influenced by this conflict in which managers tend to have more information about the probable outcomes of future investments.

Arts Marketing (Communications for the Arts) Essay

Arts Marketing (Communications for the Arts) - Essay Example creation being a key aspect of the organization, it seeks to bridge the gap created between education and industry by capturing those left on the wayside. This allows people to cultivate their skills and create products that are marketable and at the same time creates employment and promotes trade. A business model may be defined as the way in which an organization creates, delivers and captures value, (Ostewalder and Pigneur, 2010). It should reflect how the organization works and how they seek to deliver their mission, while incorporating the needs of their members and clients. Art is created by individuals and hence when organizations managing artists have weak business models, then they cannot achieve market stability. The use of proper business models, promotes longevity of the business, encouraging consumer confidence and creating markets based on needs. The most important factor for any business and marketing strategy is promoting sustainability of the artists business. Sustainable businesses are successful and able to maintain their businesses beyond a short term period to enjoy longevity and success. Art has a big influence on society and it also changes the way people relate and view things. The business models adopted by organizations must in addition to being able to market the artist’s products; it must also be able to deal with the artist’s creativity. This has been widely ignored based on the fact that consumers have now become number one and hence artists have to ensure that they meet their demands. This is not viable as most artists create based on feelings, inspiration and ideas and hence not having the freedom to create will make artists feel curtailed. The most appropriate business models must therefore cater to the needs of both the consumer and most of all the artists’ creativity to create better and more inspired creations. Artists around the world exist based on their creative elements and their ability to create things which are

Critical Incident Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critical Incident Management - Research Paper Example One of the methods that help justice and security organizations to be firm on its certification of public safety is scenario-based planning (Eppen, Martin, & Scharge, 1989). Scenario planning is â€Å"a comprehensive planning tool that some of the dedicated firms make use of to achieve their long-term goals† (Eppen, Martin, & Scharge, 1989). Scenario-based planning ensures the management of civil liberties in justice organization that they unintentionally compromise fulfilling other duties. It also makes sure that the organizations do not forget public safety while satisfying other demands. The role of scenario planning within these organizations is to minimize or control these risks (Tibettes, 1998). Many security and justice organizations have policies that make them implement on the actual rules and regulation of these companies. To understand this clearly, example of use of force is appropriate. The policies regarding use of force describe an increasing sequence of actions that an officer can take to handle a situation (Tibettes, 1998). This sequence usually has many levels of intensities, and there is a strict instruction for officers to use an appropriate level of intensity of force, keeping in mind the present situation. This also allows an officer to shift from one level of sequence to another without much difficulty. In law enforcement, there is a huge carefulness which makes it very important; police discretion refers to the autonomy of a justice agency or individual officer working in that or any other justice agency to choose to involve in a certain situation to handle it or not (Tibettes, 1998). The implementation of scale of discretion by an office is when an officer arrests a person for a DUI (Driving under the influence); there is a low discretion in this incident in the name of public safety. High discretion is observed when as officer issues a citation on a driver failing to signal a lane change. In particular, the â€Å"amount of effo rt required by police to compel compliance from an unwilling subject is legal definition of use of force† (Tibettes, 1998). Officers should not use any force if they find no conflicts, fights or battles, in other words, no force if there is no resistance. As an example, the sequence of intensities of force starts from officer using verbalization for controlling a situation; if situation does not come under control, he can go for Empty Hand Control. Even when the situation gets worse, an officer can go for Soft Hand Technique, then gradually Less Lethal Method (Surette, 2010). If the situation cannot be controlled with any of the above methods, officers can have an impact on it with the use of weapon, then chemical spray, and then finally the use of lethal force. There are many debates regarding the use of force continuum. These are regarding the convenience of techniques or tools under this continuum. Should the law include this method in the policies and would they might incr ease the liability? Use of force is not appropriate for every situation because not every situation can convert into a continuum (Tibettes, 1998). The law enforcement and other criminal and justice agencies need to structure their organization in a way that everyone can openly share their ideas and opinions; there is no fear of saying anything even if it is wrong. Most importantly, veterans should give

Running a Business on Smartphones Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 69

Running a Business on Smartphones - Case Study Example The companies are able to resolve customer issues with fewer processes, for example through the use of CPS, making the customers more satisfied. The use of the phones eased and cheapened the process of transactions, reducing unwanted costs. For example, Lloyd was able to cut the time used for data entry and dispatch, the fuel costs were cut by more than 30% and a reduction in unauthorized stops. In overall, the company was able to reduce its cost an estimated 100 million dollar profit in 2007. Most employees feared their jobs were over with the implementation of the smartphones. The introduction of the phones could lead to a fewer workforce for the companies. For example, Lloyd reduced their staff from 100 to just 40; hence the employees were right to be scared of the implementation. 1. The management of the company should come up with a system that tries to blend the existing workforce and the new initiative rather than wiping out most of the staff. The system could work in such a way that the existing staff is retained for some period, like until their current contract expires. The company could come up with an application that allows the customers an easy access to the company’s information rather than going through the internet by themselves. The application should be able to send daily updates to their customers about any changes. The firm could use an application that can keep it updated on any market changes, weather conditions. The application could be linked to a central database, and when there are any changes in weather conditions, the information is relayed to all its employees.

Why Labor Unions Were Successful Essay Example for Free

Why Labor Unions Were Successful Essay The years following the Civil War era was considered a gilded era due to the rapid economic and population growth in the United States. In this â€Å"gilded† time new inventions were being created, and factories were being revolutionized and more and more jobs were being created. With rapid population growth comes rapid growth of problems. Jobs were being created as fast as people were willing to fill them. Businesses everywhere were booming. But after a while, workers grew tired of the strict and demanding work conditions. Factory workers in this time were working in extremely poor conditions and had no power. Workers were often abused by the factory owners and their wages were cut very low. The mass immigration also did not favor the laborers as it made them so east to replace. In order to fight back, laborers would join labor unions in order to protest all these horrible conditions. Primarily, one of the important factors of the American opinion upon labor unions was the press. One of which was the New York Times (Doc. B). Often times the press was bribed by large companies in order to have favor them, hence giving labor unions a bad name. This article is about the BO railroad strike. They said it was a hopeless cause and the strikers do not even know what they wanted. (Doc. C) is another great example how the reputation of labor unions weren’t great. In the picture that Thomas Nass illustrates he is showing the laborer has killed the goose that lays the golden egg. One of these golden eggs is in his pocket and another egg is in the basket of the woman and child in the background of the illustration. This illustration is suggesting that labor unions do not know what they are doing and will regret it in the long run. Also, Nass is suggesting that the labor unions have a communist influence and that behind the labor unions is in fact communism.

Impacts of Technology on Civil Liberties

Impacts of Technology on Civil Liberties The Impact of the Widespread Use of Information and Communication Technologies on Civil Liberties Abstract Advances in information and communication technologies have presented new opportunities and problems for the society. The opportunities that have become obvious with regard to the application of these technologies include meeting the changing demands of the public for enhanced service delivery, an ability to communicate instantaneously over vast distances and being able to store or retrieve vast amounts of information as well as being able to interact with a large number of individuals or organisations by providing them with information over the internet etc. However, these new developments often leave the public sector actors confused because they are often bound by legacy values and outdated socio – economic morality. As democratic societies debate the ethics of the new situation with which they have been confronted, a potential exists for the occurrence of a large number of cases involving a serious misunderstanding of computers and computer based communication with implica tions for civil liberties in a society. Such misunderstandings can mean that a large number of individuals may have their privacy encroached upon, their computing equipment seized and their lives hampered for no real reason. Although governments do have a duty to ensure that various actors are not indulging in activities that are harmful to the society as a whole or to members of a society, it is also important that innocent individuals are not maligned. Information and communication technologies have placed an awesome power in the hands of those who have the imagination to dream up new uses for such technologies and lawmakers have to some how balance the rights of the individuals and those of the society as a whole. This brief essay takes a look at some of the implications of the widespread use of information and communications technologies on civil liberties. Contents (Jump to) Introduction Advances in Technology Provide a Wider Range of Options on Civil Liberties Conclusions Bibliography/References   Introduction Civil liberties refer to the freedoms that are enjoyed by the citizens of a state without interference from governments. Examples of civil liberties include freedom of assembly, freedom of speech, freedom of religion, right to privacy, right to self defence and the right of due process in law as well as the right to a fair trial by a competent court (Wikipedia, 2006, Civil Liberties). The previously mentioned freedoms and rights are usually granted to citizens by virtue of legal enactments that have been written into the laws of a country, including its constitution. The constitutions of various states provide a varying degree of emphasis to civil liberties that can be enjoyed by citizens, but nearly all countries of the world today do offer some degree of protection against interference by a government or others in the lives of a private citizen. As an example, the Australian Constitution guarantees freedom of religion, the South Korean Constitution requires that the government prot ect the privacy as well as dignity of its citizens and the Constitution of the United States of America, through the first ten amendments that are called the Bill of Rights, requires that the government guarantee freedom of speech, freedom of press, freedom of assembly, freedom of religious worship, the right to bear arms, prevent search and seizure without just cause, cruel and unusual punishment and self incrimination as well as ensuring that a citizen is provided the rights to due process and a fair trial by an impartial jury. Any powers related to civil liberties or human rights that have not been explicitly granted to the Federal government in the United States Constitution are reserved by the citizens or the States of the Union. Although the United Kingdom lacks a codified constitution, this country along with many European countries are signatories to the European Convention on Human Rights, which stipulates the standards related to civil liberties and human rights in Europe an countries that are signatory to this instrument. The Human Rights Act of the United Kingdom has been the vehicle for incorporation of many of the European Convention rights into United Kingdom law (Answers.com, 2006, â€Å"Civil Liberties†). Thus, many counties around the world have laws that extend guarantees associated with civil liberties to its citizens. Proliferation of computers, information technology and communications in the present pervasive computing age has made it very convenient to maintain records related to persons and to indulge in surveillance as well as identification of individuals. Maintaining detailed records about all aspects of an individual’s private life, rapid searching and retrieval of information related to an individual, tapping of phone conversations and identification of suspicious communications from keywords as well as relatively foolproof identification of individuals from fingerprints or other biometric signatures such as dental records, DNA or the unique patterns of the iris and the transmission of very detailed records over vast distances in an instant are now quite possible (Akdeniz, 2001, Pp. 1 – 10), (Ashbourn, 2006, Pp. 1 – 20) and (Hassan, 2004, Pp. 1 – 7). It is, therefore, possible for a state or other vested interests to defame and abuse or try to take advantage of individuals as well as to deny them opportunities or to malign them in many ways through the power of information that can be manipulated by technology. This brief essay takes a look at the impact of the widespread use of information and communication technologies on civil liberties in a society. Advances in Technology Provide a Wider Range of Options on Civil Liberties Whereas the menace of international terror and the activities associated with organised crime have meant that governments do have a duty to be vigilant about the safety and security of its citizens and the nation, it is also important that a state, its functionaries or other powerful or mischievous interests in a society desist, or be prevented from undue interference in the private activities of an individual (Greenberg, 2004, Pp. 165 – 168). Such interference may have an appeal for many who may want to try and take undue advantage of information about a citizen that can be readily gathered, stored, transmitted and analysed using the new information and communication technologies. However, technology not only provides a potential for abuse, but it also provides benefits and enhanced safety for all in a society (Campbell, 1998, â€Å"The Social Impact of New Communications Technologies†). Thus, the advent of technology has given a society and individual members of a soc iety a greater power and a lot more options about what can be done to gather detailed information about an individual and to use such information in a number of ways by making it known to others. However, protecting civil liberties requires that such powers be controlled and that the gathering or release of information about individuals be restrained, unless sanctioned by competent and responsible members of a society in the wider interests of other members of the society, so that an individual is not unduly disadvantaged, threatened, abused or taken advantage of by the state or other vested interests in the society. The protection of civil liberties is essential for the evolution and development of an individual’s personality as well as for the protection of any advantages that may have been made available to an individual through their ingenuity, hard work, force of circumstance, manipulations by nature or as a result of a gift from the Divine (Tabata, 2006, Pp. 10 – 20 and 79 – 80), (De Boni, 2001, Pp. 1 – 3) and (Hutson, 2005, Pp. 7). However, it is equally important to safeguard the interests of all members of a society so that the activities of individuals or a group of individuals do not have a destructive impact on others (Lau, 2002, Pp. 1 – 3). Technology has, therefore, provided a greater number of options to a society about the values that it may want to maintain. It is obvious that advances in technology do make it possible for the government of a nation, or other vested interests, such as private telecommunication companies or ISP providers etc, to take advantage of these advances in order to either liberate or to oppress the masses. Thus, the society is presented with choices and depending on what the interested powers want, a balance is struck between what may amount to oppression and what may be considered to be the legitimate authority of the state or others to protect their interests. Debates about civil liberties have always been carried out in democratic societies, even though such debates may have been discouraged or censored in the more authoritarian countries (American Civil Liberties Union, ACLU, 2000, â€Å"Letter to the Senate on Legislation to Increase Law Enforcement Electronic Surveillance†). The more advanced nations have attempted to promote universal standards associated with civil liberties and human rights, but de spite such efforts, what is acceptable as public law varies from one country to the other (Statewatch, 2006, â€Å"Current Lead Stories†). A dictatorial regime in a third world country will not feel any remorse about using all the technology at its disposal to neutralise its opponents or to repress the masses. However, in the more developed world, civil rights groups, public interest groups, the judiciary, business interests and various branches of the government come to some sort of an agreement about how the civil liberties of citizens ought to be protected and what can be considered to be acceptable conduct on the part of the government and other interests. Certainly, the widespread use of information and communications technologies has provided greater opportunities to abuse the civil rights of individuals (Taylor, 2001, â€Å"The Council of Europe Cyber crime Convention: a civil liberties perspective†). However, the previously mentioned technologies can also be us ed to safeguard civil liberties, educate the masses and provide better service to the community. In the United Kingdom, a very substantial increase in the number of phone tapping warrants has been observed in recent years and although this can be attributed to the war against global terrorism and organised crime, it has to be appreciated that no one can intercept private communications in the United Kingdom without a judicial warrant (Akdinez, 2001, Pp. 1 – 5). Disclosure of any data that is considered to be private is also an offence against the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000. Although the use of covert human intelligence gathering about suspects is not illegal under the previously mentioned Act, such activities can be challenged under the Human Rights Act. Thus, the British and European societies in general have placed a reasonably high value on the protection of civil liberties and human rights in matters that are associated with the proliferation of information and communication technologies. In the lesser developed nations, such high standards are less l ikely to be maintained (Waters, 1997, â€Å"Telecommunications interception — extending the reach or maintaining the status quo?†). Surveillance is not just limited to law enforcement authorities, but in the United States such activities may also be carried out by an employer or others with a vested interest, without the consent of an employee or the individual (National Science Foundation, 1998, â€Å"Privacy Issues†) and (Hutson, 2005, Pp. 7). Apart from an enhanced threat of surveillance or monitoring and threats to an individual’s privacy, advances in technology have also produced new problems related to what can be done to prevent interested parties from violating the human rights of others. The awesome power of the internet makes it possible to libel anyone anonymously by writing messages about them as web content. Also, any information that ever makes it to the web can be readily copied and distributed all over the world (Electronic Frontier Foundation, 2006, â€Å"Free Speech†). In addition to activities that are designed to bring persons into disrepute, it is also necessary to control the so called investment companies, online gambling websites and the High Yield Investment Pools that seem to regularly rip off individuals by tantalising them with huge returns on their investment of E-Gold or other similar electronic currency (Pokerpulse.com, 2006, â€Å"Internet gambling and the Patriot Act†). D espite warnings about financial scams that are posted on law enforcement websites by governments of the so called developed world, it appears that the regulators of the World Wide Web have little interest in ensuring that any web content is not fraudulent. It also appears that law enforcement agencies, even in the developed countries, are unable or unwilling to locate financial scam websites despite these being registered by authorised web registrants (Goldpoll.com, 2006, â€Å"HYIP Ratings†). Not a single HYIP has ever delivered anything resembling the investment that an unsuspecting individual makes as a payback, yet these websites are operating with great impunity under the very noses of the global law enforcement agencies and regulators of the World Wide Web. Surely, civil liberties which include freedom of speech and freedom to engage in commerce do not extend to activities that are harmful to other members of the community. However, it has been observed that governments of the great democratic nations are willing to do precious little to regulate financial scams on the web, even though they have tried to control what can be posted on the web (Center for Democracy and Technology, 2006, â€Å"Reports and Articles CDT Sends Letter Opposing Mandatory Labelling†). Thus, many new problems with a potential to damage members of a society by persons or groups with a vested interest have been created by advances in information and communication technologies. Although issues related to these new problems are being debated within societies and legislation is being gradually introduced to regulate new technologies, the process seems to be too slow and cumbersome to protect many who have already been victimised. Because of the global nature of the World Wide Web and the global reach of information and communication technologies, global cooperation is essential to regulate these new technologies in an ethical manner (Brosseau, 2002, Pp. 24 – 32). However, despite a dire need for cooperation, practical results have been exceedingly slow in materialising. Conclusions From the previous discussion it can be concluded that the widespread use of information and communication technologies has created new opportunities as well as new dangers for the protection of civil liberties and human rights. Technology offers power which can be used to do good or to do evil and societies around the world are grappling with the issues of just how to balance civil liberties in relation to protecting the broader interests of the society at large and those of its other members. Different countries have drawn different lines in the air, but a great need exists for a global understanding of the issues involved and some sort of a global cooperation to regulate these new technologies with a global reach. Bibliography / References Akdeniz, Yaman et al. 2001. BigBrother.gov.uk: State surveillance in the age of information and rights. Criminal Law Review, (February, 2001), pp. 73-90. Retrieved: August 4, 2006. From: http://www.cyber-rights.org/documents/crimlr.pdf Akdeniz, Yaman. 1997. First Report on UK Encryption Policy. Cyber-Rights Cyber-Liberties (UK). Retrieved: August 4, 2006. From: http://www.cyber-rights.org/crypto/ukdtirep.htm American Civil Liberties Union, ACLU. 2000. Letter to the Senate on Legislation to Increase Law Enforcement Electronic Surveillance, Civil Asset Forfeiture, Prosecution of Juveniles in Federal Court, and to Make the Use of Encryption a Grounds for Enhancing a Criminal Penalty. American Civil Liberties Union, ACLU. 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THE USA PATRIOT ACT AND CIVIL LIBERTIES: THE MEDIA’S RESPONSE. West Virginia University. Retrieved: August 4, 2006. From: http://kitkat.wvu.edu:8080/files/4333/Bergstrom_M_Ann_thesis.pdf Billings, P. R. 1992, DNA on trial: genetic identification and criminal justice Plainview, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Brosseau, Eric. 2002. Internet Regulation: Does Self-Regulation Require an Institutional Framework? University of Paris X. Retrieved: August 6, 2006. From: http://www.druid.dk/conferences/summer2002/Papers/Brousseau.pdf Campbell, Anne. 1998. The Social Impact of the Information Revolution. Institute for Learning and Research Technology, University of Bristol. Retrieved: August 4, 2006. From: http://www.sosig.ac.uk/iriss/papers/key1.htm Castells, M. 2002, The Internet galaxy: reflections on the Internet, business, and society Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. Cavoukian, Anne et al. 2004. Tag, You’re It: Privacy Implications of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Technology. Privacy Commissioner, Ontario. Retrieved: August 4, 2006. From: http://www.ipc.on.ca/scripts/index_.asp?action=31P_ID=15007N_ID=1PT_ID=11351U_ID=0 Center for Democracy and Technology. 2006. Reports and Articles. Center for Democracy and Technology. Retrieved: August 4, 2006. From: http://www.cdt.org/publications/articles.php Civil Liberties Union of the Philippines. Policy Studies Group 1984, Technology as an instrument of domination [Quezon City, Philippines] : Policy Studies Group, Civil Liberties Union. Clutterbuck, R. L., Jamieson, A., Lodge, J. 1991, Counter-terrorism in Europe: implications of 1992 London: Research Institute for the Study of Conflict and Terrorism. Conaway, T. L. 1996. LIBEL IN CYBERSPACE: FEDERAL JUDGES THE INTERNET. The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Retrieved: August 4, 2006. From: http://www.keleka.net/pubs/combinedthesis.pdf CPSR. 2006. Privacy Civil Liberties. Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility. Retrieved: August 4, 2006. From: http://www.cpsr.org/issues/privacy/index_html/view?searchterm=Civil%20Liberties De Boni, Marco and Prigmore, Martyn. 2001. Privacy and the Information Economy. Leeds Metropolitan University. Retrieved: August 4, 2006. From: http://www.leedsmet.ac.uk/ies/comp/staff/deboni/papers/IADIS2003-DeBoniPrigmore-1v1.pdf Demchak, Chris C and Kurt D. Fenstermacher. 2005. Balancing Security and Privacy in the 21st Century. University of Arizona. Retrieved: August 4, 2006. From: http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=enlr=q=cache:zVAc1HDcIasJ:eller.arizona.edu/~kurtf/writing/Balancing-security-privacy-ISI-2004.pdf+technology,+security,+and+liberty+since+9/11 Eid, Mahmoud et al. 2006. Cyber-Terrorism and the Information Sword. University of Ottawa. Retrieved: August 4, 2006. From: http://www.ucc.ie/info-mfcsit/SpecSess-Info/Eid.doc Electronic Frontier Foundation. 2006. Free Speech. Electronic Frontier Foundation. Retrieved: August 4, 2006. From: http://www.eff.org/Censorship/ Ethicsweb.ca. 2006. Computer Ethics. Ethicsweb.ca. Retrieved: August 4, 2006. From: http://www.ethicsweb.ca/resources/computer/publications.html Fitzgerald – Moore, P. 1996. Privacy and Technology. University of Calgary. Retrieved: August 4, 2006. From: http://www.ucalgary.ca/~pfitzger/privacy.pdf Goldpoll.com. 2006. HYIP Performance Ratings. Goldpoll.com. Retrieved: August 5, 2006. From: http://www.goldpoll.com/ Grant, R. A. Bennett, C. J. 1999, Visions of privacy: policy choices for the digital age Toronto; London: University of Toronto Press. Great Britain. Home Office 2004, Legislation on identity cards: a consultation: presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for the Home Department by command of Her Majesty April 2004 London: Stationery Office, 2004. Greenberg, Michael et al. 2004. Trying to Understand Behavioral Responses to Terrorism: Personal Civil Liberties, Environmental Hazards, and U.S. Resident Reactions to the September 11, 2001 Attacks. Human Ecology Review, Vol. 11, No. 2, 2004. Retrieved: August 4, 2006. From: http://www.humanecologyreview.org/pastissues/her112/greenbergcraighillgreenberg.pdf Hassan, Ismail A. 2004. Advances in Information Technology and its Implications on Privacy. Oslo University College. Retrieved: August 4, 2006. From: http://www.iu.hio.no/~frodes/rm/ismail.pdf Hewitt, P., Conference on Computers, R. a. t. R. t. P., National Council for Civil Liberties, Institute of Data Processing Management 1979, Computers, records and the right to privacy: the record of a conference held on 24 and 25 January 1979, organised by the Institute of Data Processing Management, the National Computing Centre Ltd and the National Council for Civil Liberties London: Input Two-Nine Ltd.. Horniak, Virginia. 2004. Privacy of Communication: Ethics and Technology. Mà ¤lardalen University. Retrieved: August 4, 2006. From: http://www.idt.mdh.se/utbildning/exjobb/files/TR0390.pdf Hutson, Priscilla. 2005. Balancing Network Security and Privacy: One Organization’s Effort. Pace University. Retrieved: August 4, 2006. From: http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000context=honorscollege_theses Kapor, Mitchell. 1991. Civil Liberties in Cyberspace: When does hacking turn from an exercise of civil liberties into crime? Scientific American. Retrieved: August 4, 2006. From: http://www.eff.org/Net_culture/Hackers/civ_lib_and_hacking.article Kidd, R., National Council for Civil Liberties (Great Britain), National Council for Civil Liberties Civil liberty [London] : National Council for Civil Liberties. Kouzmin, Alexander et al. 1999. THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ON THE ETHICS OF PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT IN THE THIRD MILLENNIUM. Cranfield School of Management. Retrieved: August 4, 2006. From: http://www.spaef.com/GVER_PUB/v2n1/v2n1_korac.html Lau, Stacy. 2002. BIRDS, BEES, AND FILTERING TECHNOLOGY: THE IMPACT OF CIPA ON ADOLESCENT HEALTH. Princeton University. Retrieved: August 4, 2006. From: http://www.onlinepolicy.org/research/block/impact.of.cipa.on.adolescent.health.pdf Musch, D. J. 2003, Civil liberties and the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications. National Science Foundation, USA. 1998. Economic and Social Significance of Information Technologies. National Science Foundation, USA. Retrieved: August 4, 2006. From: http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind98/access/c8/c8s4.htm Northouse, C. Computer Ethics Institute 2006, Protecting what matters: technology, security, and liberty since 9/11 Washington, D.C.: Computer Ethics Institute: Brookings Institution Press. Oats, Sarah. 2003. Beacon for Democracy or Tool for Oppression? Fitting the Internet into Political Communication Models in Non-Free States. European Consortium for Political Research. Retrieved: August 4, 2006. From: http://www.essex.ac.uk/ecpr/events/jointsessions/paperarchive/edinburgh/ws20/Oates.pdf Paye, Moussa. 2002. New Information Technologies and the Democratic Process. UNRISD. Retrieved: August 4, 2006. From: http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpAuxPages)/C8BC7D4551751920C1256D73005972B4/$file/payeeng.pdf Pokerpulse.com. 2006. Internet gambling and the Patriot Act. Pokerpulse.com. Retrieved: August 4, 2006. From: http://www.pokerpulse.com/legal/viewtopic.php?t=22 Pool, I. d. S. Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1983, Technologies of freedom Cambridge, Mass.; London: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Rosenzweig, Paul et al. 2004. Biometric Technologies: Security, Legal, and Policy Implications. The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved: August 4, 2006. From: http://new.heritage.org/Research/HomelandDefense/lm12.cfm Rowe, B. C., Workshop on the Data Bank Society (, Allen and Unwin, Allen and Unwin Limited, National Computing Centre 1972, Privacy, computers and you Manchester: National Computing Centre. Ryu, Taesam. 2003. The Impact of Cryptographic Policies and Standards. George Mason University. Retrieved: August 4, 2006. From: http://www.noisetoknowledge.com/_Guest_Essays/The%20Impact%20of%20Cryptographic%20Policies%20and%20Standards.pdf Scott, Sheridan and Elder, David. 2002. Changing Communications Regulations in the Information Age. Carleton University, Canada. Retrieved: August 4, 2006. From: http://www.carleton.ca/ctpl/pdf/conferences/scott.pdf Statewatch. 2006. Lead Stories. Statewatch. Retrieved: August 4, 2006. From: http://www.statewatch.org/ Tabata, Alexis. 2006. Reevaluating Bush’s War on Terror: Why Human Rights and Civil Liberties are Essential Tools for and not Obstacles to Security. Harvard College. Retrieved: August 6, 2006. From: http://thesis.haverford.edu/169/01/2006TabataA.pdf Tamara, Dinev et al. 2005. Internet Users’ Privacy Concerns and Attitudes towards Government Surveillance – An Exploratory Study of Cross-Cultural Differences between Italy and the United States. 18th Bled eConference. Retrieved: August 4, 2006. From: http://wise.fau.edu/~tdinev/publications/Bled-final.pdf Taylor, Greg. 2001. The Council of Europe Cybercrime Convention: a civil liberties perspective. Privacy Law and Policy Reporter. Retrieved: August 4, 2006. From: http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/PLPR/2001/35.html UK Government. 2004. Cyber Trust and Crime Prevention Foresight. UK Government. Retrieved: August 4, 2006. From: http://www.foresight.gov.uk/Previous_Projects/Cyber_Trust_and_Crime_Prevention/Project_Process/website_slides.ppt Waters, Nigel. 1997. Telecommunications interception — extending the reach or maintaining the status quo? Privacy Law and Policy Reporter. Retrieved: August 4, 2006. 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Elderly Care: Cultural Influences and Promoting Positivity

Elderly Care: Cultural Influences and Promoting Positivity Care of the Older Person Introduction In this assignment the learner is required to investigate on the topic based on life after employment for the older person in Cameroon and write a project that covers the following areas. The role of carer/organisation in promoting positive attitudes to ageing and retirement, ethnic and cultural influences in retirement, health and therapeutic interventions that enhances life for person after retirement and how family members can be included in caring for the older person. All the information in this project is obtain from the internet, articles and books. The Role of Carer/Organisation in Promoting Positive attitudes to ageing and retirement In Cameroon one of the organisations that promote positive ageing is Community Development Volunteers for Technical Assistance (CDVTA). CDVTA is a legally registered community development charity in Cameroon that helps the elderly realize their rights, live in dignity and improve their livelihoods. They have created elderly clubs at the rural/community level to encourage the older people get involved in activities such as rearing, beekeeping, soap making and medical plant production. They also support the elderly to feel more included and cared by the community through active club membership, regular home-visits and integrating with their families. They help to raise living standards in areas where no other government support exists by providing volunteers who assist the elderly in personal hygiene and household works. The elderly are also empowered to attain improved standards of living. Ref: CDVTA Cameroon, 2012. The Regional Centre for the Welfare of Aging Persons (RECEWAPEC) is a humanitarian organisation that works for the welfare of older people in Cameroon. They encouraged older people to be involved in activities such as pigs breeding, farming bees, cultivating mushrooms and bee farming. They also support older people’s eye care projects and reach older people and families affected by HIV and AIDS. They help the elderly claim their rights, challenge discrimination and overcome poverty so they can live dignified, secure, active and healthy lives. Ref:HelpAge International, 2012. Ethnic Cultural influences on the Older Person In Relation to Retirement Cameroon has approximately 1.2milion of seniors aged over 60 years living more in rural areas than urban areas. In Cameroon the retirement age is 60-65. Cameroon does not have a national pension policy that covers all workers. Only those who have worked for the civil service or in other formally recognized sectors receive a pension or any kind of government support. Many in retirement still struggle. It takes a lot of time, money and bureaucracy to set up a pension plan and some people die before receiving their payments. People who have worked all their lives in jobs that fall outside the control of the government tend to rely on private pension policies, which are even less reliable. They are the most vulnerable. There is little specific attention paid to the issues faced by the ageing generation. There are no government institutions, organizations or healthcare services that specialize in meeting older peoples needs. Indeed, Cameroon has never conducted a national survey to find o ut what the challenges that elderly people face. Many elderly in Cameroon lives in isolation and neglect with little help from their families and communities as there is no specific legislation that protects and promotes the rights of elderly. The elderly in Cameroon are facing different problems depending on whether they live in urban or rural areas. Because of unending movement of the population, older persons living in cities cannot rely on a social network. Although health centers are located in cities, they usually are built in the suburbs several kilometers away. They experience poor living conditions, limited access to healthcare, exclusion from society and decision-making processes. In urban areas, it is particularly bad. Most of them have moved to the countryside as they are not isolated. In Cameroonn older people are abandoned to their self whether in the village or town. They benefit from assistance by families that have kept up some traditional values and offer mutual su pport and some have a small business that pays them what to eat. Ref: globaldevelopment, 2015. How Health Promotion Therapeutic Interventions can Enhance Quality of Life. Health promotion enhances quality of life for retired elderly people in many ways. It improves the body function, longevity, it promotes their general and emotional wellbeing, it makes older people to feel good and helps to identify health-related problems. In older people it important to promote a healthy attitude towards the following aspects healthy eating, exercise and voluntary work. In Cameroon the majority of retired elderly people have gardens and small farms where they cultivate food stuff. This enables them to eat healthy fresh food everyday and to have healthy options of food provided in different ways. The elderly people in Cameroon are very active. They get involve in cultural activities, excursions, farming, dancing groups, rearing, beekeeping, soap making. Majority of them don’t drive so they walk to their farms, around the community visiting families and friends. This keeps them flexible and creates less chance of developing anxiety/ depression. The elderly pla y a very important role in the Cameroon culture. Some of them volunteer to take care of babies and accompany children to school if they are still strong most become institutions because they engage to transmit local cultures and knowledge to the younger generation, play a vital role in conflict resolution and peacemaking and some act as advisers and supervisors to some organisation and government. Due to the role they play in the society this ensure a good life, makes them feel useful and gives them something to do so they do not feel lonely thus longer life expectancy. Therapeutic interventions that can improve the quality of life of elderly people in Cameroon include njangi groups, old person’s social clubs and church groups. This helps the elderly to have access to a group of people of their age, enjoy conversation, dance and make new friends. Therefore promote mental stimulation and encouraged mobility, keeps them active and involved, helps to overcome poverty, makes them feel valued members of the community and improves their mental and physical health. Ref: Growing old in Cameroon, 2013. Discuss how family members can be included as partners in care for the older person. In Cameroon family ties are intimate and long lasting, so the elderly rely so much on the family for greatest security. Older persons benefit from assistance by families that have keep up some traditional values and offer mutual support. Care is provided only by family members as they are required to take care of their parents. Because there are no nursing homes or elderly care facilities in Cameroon parents have traditionally lived with their children or extended family members. Caring for the elderly by their family members are common phenomenon and important values in both the rural and urban areas in Cameroon. Most often these elderly persons reside in rural areas and are engaged in subsistence farming activities. When they are frail and are not able to carry on the farming activities one the children either the eldest or the wealthiest in the family takes his or her parent to live with and takes the responsibility providing assistance to them, assist them with their activities o f daily living such as bathing, feeding, cooking their meals and toileting and providing their needs such as clothing, food, shelter, health and money. Family’s members are also responsible for the medical cost of the older person. Women have a very strong family ties and therefore are very committed in helping their parents. This ensures a good livelihood to the elderly and as an obligation of the able child to take care of his/her parents. Ref: Growing old in Cameroon, 2013. Conclusion Life after retirement in Cameroon is more difficult as compare to Ireland. This is due to the fact that there are a lot of facilities in Ireland such as nursing homes, social welfare services and medical facilities as compare to Cameroon. Reference List CDVTA Cameroon, 2012. globaldevelopment, 2015. Growing old in Cameroon, 2013. HelpAge International, 2012. 5M4339[Type text]John Mbeng Tagni

John Steinbecks East of Eden - Catherine as Monster :: East Eden Essays

Catherine as Monster in East of Eden In the novel, East of Eden by John Steinbeck, Catherine Ames is one of the main characters. She is introduced to the reader as a monster and as time goes on, she possesses both monster like and animal qualities. As Catherine she gets older and wiser, she gets more evil and displays her monster and animal like characteristics. She knows she is powerful and indestructible. She has manipulated and tricked many people her life causing them to go to the extreme... death. Catherine "Cathy" shows her evilness and her monster like behavior in many scenes throughout the book. Steinbeck illustrates Cathy as being a monster: "I believe there are monsters born in the world... It is my belief that Cathy Ames was born with the tendencies, or lack of them, which drove and forced her all of her life," (Steinbeck, 95-96). Cathy used this to her advantage by making people uneasy, but not so uneasy that they would not run away from her. Cathy was born with an innocent look that fooled many; she had golden blond hair, hazel eyes, a thin and delicate nose, and a small chin to make her face look heart shaped. According to the town Cathy lived, Cathy had a scent of sweetness, but that is just what Cathy wanted the town to see and think when Cathy planned her kill. "The fire broke out... the Ames house went up like a rocket†¦ Enough remained of Mr. and Mrs. Ames to make sure there were two bodies" (114-115). Cathy had set the house on fire and broke into the safe to steal the family's money. As the investigators scoped the place, they noticed that the bolts stuck out and there were no keys left in the locks. They knew it was not an accident. Cathy's body was never found, but the town assumed that she died. "If it had not been for Cathy's murder, the fire and robbery might have been a coincidence." Steinbeck, again, portrays the reader that Cathy is a monster: "When I said Cathy was a monster it seemed to me that it was so"(242). Steinbeck is reassuring the reader that Cathy is a monster and with the evidence before and after this statement. For example, Cathy later changes her name to Kate and runs a whorehouse.

The Digital Divide Essay -- Technology Poverty Technological Papers

The Digital Divide When walking into a house, there are many things that can be seen. There may be a television, a phone and maybe a computer. There are lights overhead and warm air all around. There is running water and music to listen to. These may seem like no big deal, but to people in third world countries, this is a dream. People do not realize how lucky they are and what other people go through. If everyone could choose their lifestyle we would all be able to enjoy these luxuries, but that is not the case. In these times we are set apart by a digital divide. A digital divide is the separation of those who can afford technology and those who cannot. Even today, the day of modern technology, more money and better lifestyles, there is still that gap, that divides the digital world. In Heather MacDonalds article, Online Use Sees Digital Divide, MacDonald states that a growing population of people are logging on. This includes adults and teenagers, however, the oldest and the poorest are not logging on. There will always be a digital divide when it comes to technology, but at certain times the gap may be narrower or wider depending on access to that technology. A digital divide can occur between neighborhoods, between cities, between states, countries, and continents. Many factors figure into why the gap is so big. Many kids and teenagers are plugged in because they find that it is fun. It also allows them to feel they are a part of a group. Most adults are connected because some of them can stay at home and work. They can get help from a doctor twenty-four hours a day if their child is sick. They can book a vacation in just minutes, or even bank online According to a recent study by Pew Internet and American Life Project, ... ...have your health, food, money, and a good education. With all these blessings, you are luckier that over half the worlds population. Being connected to the Internet is not one of the most important aspects of life. We first need to worry about getting food, shelter, education, and medical attention to Africa. We cannot solve all of lifes problems, but we can work towards making it better. We cannot stop the digital divide from happening but we can try to prevent it from getting worse. Works Cited MacDonald, Heather. Online use sees digital divide. Daily News 20 Feb. 2001, sec. B: 1,13. OConnor, Rory J. Africa: The Unwired Continent. Composing Cyberspace. Ed. Richard Holeton. Boston: McGraw Hill, 1998, 270-274. Rodriguez, Richard. A Future of Faith and Cyberspace. Composing Cyberspace. Ed. Richard Holeton. Boston: McGraw Hill, 1998, 259-261. The Digital Divide Essay -- Technology Poverty Technological Papers The Digital Divide When walking into a house, there are many things that can be seen. There may be a television, a phone and maybe a computer. There are lights overhead and warm air all around. There is running water and music to listen to. These may seem like no big deal, but to people in third world countries, this is a dream. People do not realize how lucky they are and what other people go through. If everyone could choose their lifestyle we would all be able to enjoy these luxuries, but that is not the case. In these times we are set apart by a digital divide. A digital divide is the separation of those who can afford technology and those who cannot. Even today, the day of modern technology, more money and better lifestyles, there is still that gap, that divides the digital world. In Heather MacDonalds article, Online Use Sees Digital Divide, MacDonald states that a growing population of people are logging on. This includes adults and teenagers, however, the oldest and the poorest are not logging on. There will always be a digital divide when it comes to technology, but at certain times the gap may be narrower or wider depending on access to that technology. A digital divide can occur between neighborhoods, between cities, between states, countries, and continents. Many factors figure into why the gap is so big. Many kids and teenagers are plugged in because they find that it is fun. It also allows them to feel they are a part of a group. Most adults are connected because some of them can stay at home and work. They can get help from a doctor twenty-four hours a day if their child is sick. They can book a vacation in just minutes, or even bank online According to a recent study by Pew Internet and American Life Project, ... ...have your health, food, money, and a good education. With all these blessings, you are luckier that over half the worlds population. Being connected to the Internet is not one of the most important aspects of life. We first need to worry about getting food, shelter, education, and medical attention to Africa. We cannot solve all of lifes problems, but we can work towards making it better. We cannot stop the digital divide from happening but we can try to prevent it from getting worse. Works Cited MacDonald, Heather. Online use sees digital divide. Daily News 20 Feb. 2001, sec. B: 1,13. OConnor, Rory J. Africa: The Unwired Continent. Composing Cyberspace. Ed. Richard Holeton. Boston: McGraw Hill, 1998, 270-274. Rodriguez, Richard. A Future of Faith and Cyberspace. Composing Cyberspace. Ed. Richard Holeton. Boston: McGraw Hill, 1998, 259-261.

Our Declining Education System :: essays research papers

Our Declining Education System According to "A Nation at Risk", the American education system has declined due to a " rising tide of mediocrity" in our schools. States such as New York have responded to the findings and recommendations of the report by implementing such strategies as the "Regents Action Plan" and the "New Compact for Learning". In the early 1980's, President Regan ordered a national commission to study our education system. The findings of this commission were that, compared with other industrialized nations, our education system is grossly inadequate in meeting the standards of education that many other countries have developed. At one time, America was the world leader in technology, service, and industry, but overconfidence based on a historical belief in our superiority has caused our nation to fall behind the rapidly growing competitive market in the world with regard to education. The report in some respects is an unfair comparison of our education system, which does not have a national standard for goals, curriculum, or regulations, with other countries that do, but the findings nevertheless reflect the need for change. Our education system at this time is regulated by states which implement their own curriculum, set their own goals and have their own requirements for teacher preparation. Combined with this is the fact that we have lowered our expectations in these areas, thus we are not providing an equal or quality education to all students across the country. The commission findings generated recommendations to improve the content of education and raise the standards of student achievement, particularly in testing, increase the time spent on education and provide incentives to encourage more individuals to enter the field of education as well as improving teacher preparation. N.Y. State responded to these recommendations by first implementing the Regents Action Plan; an eight year plan designed to raise the standards of education. This plan changed the requirements for graduation by raising the number of credits needed for graduation, raising the number of required core curriculum classes such as social studies, and introduced technology and computer science. The plan also introduced the Regents Minimum Competency Tests, which requires a student to pass tests in five major categories; math, science, reading, writing, and two areas of social studies. Although the plan achieved many of its goals in raising standards of education in N.Y. State, the general consensus is that we need to continue to improve our education system rather than being satisfied with the achievements we have made thus far. Therefore, N.Y. adopted "The New Compact for Learning". This plan is based on the principles that all children can learn. Our Declining Education System :: essays research papers Our Declining Education System According to "A Nation at Risk", the American education system has declined due to a " rising tide of mediocrity" in our schools. States such as New York have responded to the findings and recommendations of the report by implementing such strategies as the "Regents Action Plan" and the "New Compact for Learning". In the early 1980's, President Regan ordered a national commission to study our education system. The findings of this commission were that, compared with other industrialized nations, our education system is grossly inadequate in meeting the standards of education that many other countries have developed. At one time, America was the world leader in technology, service, and industry, but overconfidence based on a historical belief in our superiority has caused our nation to fall behind the rapidly growing competitive market in the world with regard to education. The report in some respects is an unfair comparison of our education system, which does not have a national standard for goals, curriculum, or regulations, with other countries that do, but the findings nevertheless reflect the need for change. Our education system at this time is regulated by states which implement their own curriculum, set their own goals and have their own requirements for teacher preparation. Combined with this is the fact that we have lowered our expectations in these areas, thus we are not providing an equal or quality education to all students across the country. The commission findings generated recommendations to improve the content of education and raise the standards of student achievement, particularly in testing, increase the time spent on education and provide incentives to encourage more individuals to enter the field of education as well as improving teacher preparation. N.Y. State responded to these recommendations by first implementing the Regents Action Plan; an eight year plan designed to raise the standards of education. This plan changed the requirements for graduation by raising the number of credits needed for graduation, raising the number of required core curriculum classes such as social studies, and introduced technology and computer science. The plan also introduced the Regents Minimum Competency Tests, which requires a student to pass tests in five major categories; math, science, reading, writing, and two areas of social studies. Although the plan achieved many of its goals in raising standards of education in N.Y. State, the general consensus is that we need to continue to improve our education system rather than being satisfied with the achievements we have made thus far. Therefore, N.Y. adopted "The New Compact for Learning". This plan is based on the principles that all children can learn.

Conflict Resolution Paper Essay

People deal with conflict every day and can choose how they handle the situation on their own terms. When dealing with a learning team in a school setting, one must count on his or her team members to accomplish his or her goals. During the duration of the course the team may encounter issues that will work against them in obtaining their goals such as lack of communication, personal interruptions, lack of commitment to the other team members, and lack of commitment to the assignment. When these kinds of conflicts arise in the classroom the team members have to use certain conflict management techniques, use their individual strengths and eventually come to a decision as a team. The Conflict At times one may encounter the non-participator in the group. The non-participator is one who neglects his or her responsibilities to work with the team (Engleberg & Wynn, 2010). A learning team participating in a course at University of Phoenix had a group paper that needed to be completed. However, not all team members were actively participating. The majority of the group wanted to start on the assignment in the middle of week three with the exception of one individual. The group used every resource—such as the learning team forum, the phone, and e-mails on their UOPX and personal account to contact the individual. By the middle of week three the team contacted the professor to inform her about the lack of communication. A couple of days later, the professor notified the group that she had not received a reply from the absent team member. The situation became critical to the point where the professor had to take time to contact enrollment to see if the missing team member had dropped the class. It turned out that the student was enrolled. The team was in a panic to create a contingency plan to determine who would pick up the missing member’s portion. This put unnecessary pressure on the group because of the lack of communication and participation. The day before the assignment was due the missing team member contacted the group stating that his portion would be submitted by the morning of the due date. The late response was very inconsiderate considering another member of the group was going to start on the missing portion, along with completing the final revisions. The group received a lower grade because the paper was lacking in readability and flow. The group was not pleased with the results. One more team project was due by the end of the course, and the team did not want to encounter the same problem on the final project. The team revisited the learning team charter as a method of enforcing the ground rules. Conflict Resolution Teams experience conflict within and between teams. When high performance work teams experience conflict, they handle it in a way that helps build team relations and promote positive change. Using effective conflict management techniques is the most valuable resolution for the team. The group agreed that positive techniques should be used. The first technique is to understand the underlining root cause of the conflict. Communicating with one another about the issue at hand allowed everyone to move forward in a resolution to the conflict as a team. Once the team agreed to understanding what the issue was, the team agreed on a time to be signed into a group discussion forum to work on the resolution. Next, the team communicated with each other about the conflict discussion topic and focused on the ideas brought fourth rather than who was presenting them. This focus was important because it allowed the team members to feel confident with expressing individual issues and allowed members to seek other member’s points of view (Belgard, Fisher, & Rayner, 1995). One of the most important techniques was engaging in listening actively and empathetically. By listening to other members the group could build on the teams common goals and work through hard feelings, which had been interfering with an interpersonal relationship within the team. When conflict techniques are well managed, an extremely positive and productive effect can enable the team to foster continued improvements. Learning about conflict and conflict management techniques is extremely valuable to organizations, teams, and individuals. Conflicts occur at all levels of interaction—at work, among friends, within families, and between relationship partners. If it is handled well, conflict can be productive, leading to deeper understanding and mutual respect. Conclusion Teams move through various stages throughout the timeline of a project. As they move from the forming stage to the second stage of storming, it is vital to the success of the team that they utilize conflict resolution strategies if they are going to move to the norming stage and be successful. The team was trying to work through the conflict of being unable to communicate despite many efforts by the team. They utilized positive communication conflict resolution techniques to understand and work through the problem. The team reviewed their charter and stressed the importance of working together and communicating which fostered an environment of mutual respect versus bashing the teammate that had not effectively communicated in the first three weeks. Due to the problems, they ultimately turned their part of the project in late. Through the 4 R’s (Wynn, 2012): Reason- identifying the reasons for the conflict. The team worked through the conflict by seeking to understand. They made every attempt to contact the member of their team who had not been communicating and sought to understand the problem using a positive approach. Reaction-ensuring that in the nature of teamwork, they remain unbiased. The team did not assume the nature of the conflict, and instead they continued to work through the issue until they found that the member of the team that was unresponsive. Results- by maintaining communication and a positive approach to the project and monitoring the progress, the team was able to identify at a critical point that one team member was not communicating and was not demonstrating an effort to contribute to the project. The team was able to identify this and work quickly to resolve the situation. The team continued to work through the issue until the team member made contact. The team took steps after this situation to review as a team the charter and ground rules for the team to prevent this problem in the next project. It is vital to track progress and maintain communication for success. After the teammate was finally reached, the final R, which is Resolution, was achieved. References Belgard, W., Fisher, K., & Rayner, S. (1995). Tips for teams. New York, NY: McGraw Hill, Co.. Engleberg, I. N., & Wynn, D. R. (2010). Working in groups (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson/Allyn & Bacon.

The Need To Provide Quality Education African Children Education Essay

For bulk of African kids, instruction represents the lone solution of a life of frozen poorness. Across the continent, a big figure of kids presently survive on less than one dollar a twenty-four hours. Children who can read, compose and make some arithmetic can trust to acquire better paid occupation in future. But school is much more than merely occupation accomplishments. It plays an progressively of import function assisting kids protect themselves against the diseases which can destruct hapless communities. Simple information on daily hygiene and bar saves lives and keeps the households together. Finally, A school physiques coherence, community and assurance. Educated kids are less opportunity to go victims of force and maltreatment. They are more likely to put in bettering their community when they are grown. And the follow-on effects of even basic instruction rapidly multiply, as kids who have benefited from schooling themselves strive to procure even better chances for their ain households. In Africa, it ‘s common for schools be shut down because of wars and political convulsion. Genocide in Darfur, civil war in Liberia, war in Cote d'Ivoire and economic discord in Zimbabwe have all shut down schools and deprived pupils. Schools in many states in Africa are plagued with corruptness, cheating and force. Schools are besides short on instructors and supplies. Even though instruction is free, compulsory until age 15 and schools besides provide a nutrition and HIV/AIDS consciousness plan still instruction is interrupted by force in many African countries.A In order to better the instruction systems throughout Africa, attempts have to be made to halt the force and wars by implementing economic countenances and weaponries embargos. The fiscal crisis had halted betterments in instruction for kids in destitute states. If education budgets are non protected from the depredations of the fiscal crisis all the advancement could be jeopardized and coevalss will be condemned to poverty. A More than $ 4 billion yearly would be lost from instruction budgets in sub-Saharan Africa due to the impact of the planetary economic crisis which accounts to around 15 % bead in resources for each primary school pupil. Every 3.6 seconds one individual dies of famishment in Africa. Usually it is a kid under the age of 5. Poverty hits kids the hardest. While a terrible deficiency of goods and services hurts every homo, it is most baleful to kids ‘s rights: endurance, wellness and nutrition, instruction, engagement, and protection from injury and development. It creates an environment that is damaging to kids ‘s development in every manner – mental, physical, emotional and spiritual.A More than 1 billion kids are deprived of at least one of the indispensable goods and services they require to last, turn and develop. They have no entree to sanitation installations and non even safe H2O which causes about 4000 deceases per twenty-four hours. Attempts should be made to supply safe H2O and helps displaced communities replace or happen new H2O resources and construct latrines. There should be awareness and monitoring of the issues likeA hazard of abduction, sexual force and development o f kids, battle for shelter, instruction etc. and tougher Torahs for kid users. Population Explosion is another factor which compels to supply more emphasis on instruction in Africa. The implicit in cause for predominating jobs such as population addition, poorness and high mortality rates is low or no instruction for adult females in Africa. There would be no development promotion unless adult females received instruction. In destitute countries of Africa, it is still a pattern to put precedence on male child ‘s schooling, while misss are expected to assist with housekeeping or agriculture. Womans who have no or small opportunity of having an instruction are normally forced to get married at a immature age, which frequently leads to multiple childbearings in unsure conditions and frequently stop up with no cognition of how to salvage themselves from the hazard of infection or HIV. So finally it makes more hard for female parents to give due consideration to the nutrition, wellness and hygiene of their babes. Family be aftering to command the population de tonation and betterment in wellness systems installations are needed in those destitute countries. Educated Womans are likely to get married tardily and have healthy babes. They would be more fruitful to household in financially and wellness wise. All these challenges emphasize the demand to supply quality instruction which will be cost effectual and will embrace all multitudes. Use of latest technological inventions can do this possible. Use of engineerings like Distance instruction and linguistic communication interlingual rendition can supply pupils with instruction in their linguistic communication and at their ain gait. Making usage of Unified Software engine utilizing Software Stability Model will assist in planing and constructing systems that are stable, scalable and long lasting. Besides utilizing these engineerings the demand for big substructures is mostly reduced thereby cut downing their cost. As leaving instruction utilizing advanced engineerings does non necessitate the presence of teacher on the site, pupils can avail seamless instruction at their ain convenience. This will cut down their dependence on presence of a trained facilitator. Using graphical and ocular tools the quality of instruction received by the se deprived multitudes can be greatly enhanced. As rapid growing in technological development, more and more tools and inventions can be utilized to better quality of instruction distribution. To cover with the challenges faced by pupils in Africa we need to follow few steps to get the better of them which are as follows:1. Distance EducationDistance instruction is a engineering that aims to present instruction to pupils who are physically non present at the educational site. It helps pupils to derive entree to larning stuff even if the pedagogue or larning stuff and the scholar are separated by clip or distance or both. This engineering is being widely used across the universe by many universities and educational establishments. It provides pupils the freedom to analyze from place and survey at their ain convenient clip. Surveies prove that due to prevailing economic crisis in many states in the African continent there is a significant lessening in budget devoted to development of educational systems. These states have to pull off their scarce budgets to supply quality instruction to pupils. This emphasizes the demand to develop educational systems that require less cost to develop and keep but at the same clip make non compromise on the quality of instruction. Use of engineerings like Distance instruction which require less cost and still supply good quality of instruction are the key. Distance instruction engineering will assist in making the disadvantaged pupils in Africa who either can non go to schools due to poverty or they are populating really far off from school or educational centre. Schools that have significant financess can put in supplying installations required for distance acquisition like computing machines and internet connexion. Distance instruction makes usage of stuff reuse and the stuff can be stored for long continuance so distance instruction does non necessitate much substructure to keep and cut down the cost of the whole educational system. Different categories of adult females who are otherwise deprived of any signifier of formal instruction can profit mostly from distance instruction installations. Womans who are homemakers are required to be at place all the clip can sit at place and survey without doing any perturbation in their matrimony and maintain on taking attention of their kids while analyzing. Another group of adult females who are denied instruction because it requires face to confront interaction with facilitators will greatly profit from distance instruction as they can prosecute instruction by maintaining safe distance from the teachers and still entree quality instruction. Womans who are uneducated but working to supply for their household can profit from larning at their ain convenience and clip. It will increase their self- regard and besides assist them to heighten their calling through instruction. This undertaking will supply pupils with a web site accessing which pupils can register and make user histories.They can log in to these histories and registry for classs they are interested in. They can entree the stuff that they require online and besides log in to go to on-line categories provided on the site. The University Of South Africa ( UNISA ) is one such establishment that provides encouragement to higher instruction. It is one of the largest establishments in the universe that boasts over 120,000 registered pupils analyzing for makings, through the doctorial degree.2. Language TranslationLanguages play an of import function in larning procedure. Many of the African states that are multilingual are unable to entree engineering because of the linguistic communication barrier. The linguistic communication of extension of engineering is different from their native linguistic communication. Hence they can non utilize the services provided by these engineerings. Language interl ingual rendition tools are tools that can be used to change over learning stuffs, paperss and besides web pages from English linguistic communication into some other linguistic communication of involvement. If the educational and other of import content available on the cyberspace is non provided in local linguistic communication so it is of no usage of this information. Extensive usage of any peculiar linguistic communication in importance correspondences like authorities notices, stamps, and official invitations can do ignorance about their rights among people. Language here is non merely a agency of communicating but besides has societal impact. Use of linguistic communication interlingual rendition tools to change over larning stuff into native linguistic communications can take the demand for pupils to analyze a figure of foreign linguistic communications. Advancement of pupils will besides be faster as the stuff in their native linguistic communication will be easy to understand than any foreign linguistic communication. Therefore hapless people who have really less chances for deriving instruction can do most of it. This will rush up their acquisition procedure and increase their opportunities of availing higher instruction and accordingly earn better life. Uneducated population of adult females is one of the causes taking to population detonation in Africa. When a adult female is educated she can take attention of whole household and herself. Womans need to be educated about daily hygiene demands and wellness concerns. They should be able to understand the demand for proper attention of babes which will assist diminish infant mortality rate. Education installations are made available to adult females in their native linguistic communications through usage of Language Translation tools. Learning about of import issues through their ain female parent lingua can hold permanent consequence on these adult females even if they are non really educated. This undertaking will supply installation to interpret available stuff in selected linguistic communications. Registered users can subject the papers that they wish to acquire translated in any of the linguistic communication available. They can so entree the stuff in the linguistic communication they are comfy with. Among a figure of organisations that provide linguistic communication interlingual rendition, ‘web-lingo ‘ is one such organisation based in South Africa. This organisation offers both proficient every bit good as untechnical interlingual rendition solutions to net development and package companies to interpret their content into and from about 85 linguistic communications. One of their undertakings includes a plan that runs on top of standard Microsoft Office Software.3. Seamless Education:Seamless Education system as one that represents an incorporate construct of instruction that stretches from early childhood through a four-year college grade.It breaks do wn between high school and college, faculty members and career/technical instruction and public instruction and the workplace. The intent of seamless instruction is to fix â€Å" capable citizens, † whether or non they attend school or college. So instructors align classs and make interdisciplinary undertakings. It is an attempt to increase high school completion rates, trial tonss, school/college registration, occupation arrangements, economic conditions, household support. The key to economic development is an educated work force. If Africans have to take a better life they must fit their kids and grandchildren with the accomplishments needed to be educated and employed. A seamless system of instruction will guarantee that we have an educated and prepared work force to get the better of all the challenges impeding their growing and development. Education is cardinal to all issues. If our following coevals is educated they can be employed and will work at well-paid occupations. If finance is there economic conditions, wellness conditions, sanitation, poorness all will surely better. The major challenge is to do instruction easy accessible to everyone in the continent. This can be really good accomplished with seamless instruction system. Teachers from all over universe should be invited to map out which constructs should be taught and when will those be taught. The basic categories such as English linguistic communication humanistic disciplines, mathematics, scientific discipline and societal surveies should be must. To get down with kindergartners should be encouraged. Womans Education should be encouraged. Educational governments envision a seamless instruction system get downing with early childhood come oning through general instruction and preparation, higher and big instruction. Another issue is that a big figure of pupils enroll in Fieldss of commercialism and wellness scientific discipline. This creates a major instability between humanistic disciplines and humanistic disciplines on one manus and engineering and scientific discipline on the other manus. The end product of alumnuss in Fieldss of scientific discipline and engineering should increase to equilibrate the ratio between proficient and university pupils. It is believed that seamless instruction will assist in bettering the balance to a important extent. Health Conditions can besides better by supplying instruction in Fieldss of medical specialty. Access to quality medical specialties are needed to better wellness conditions. So entree to acquire choice intervention should be in scope of affordability, acceptableness and physical handiness. Proper preparation to workforce is needed to organize medical specialties direction from physician degree to patient degree. Unfortunately druggists and pharmaceutics support forces are really few in Africa. Trainings are besides provided but at deficient graduated table. So the cardinal solution to scale up wellness conditions is to increase figure of qualified druggists via higher instruction via seamless instruction system. Some of the major ends of a Seamless System can be as: Smoothing pupil passages from one degree of larning to the following. Closing the accomplishment spread between white and minority pupils. Balancing the ratio of proficient and human scientific discipline pupils. Strengthening relationships between households and schools. Making a wider scope of larning experiences and chances for pupils in the concluding two old ages of high school. Bettering institute ‘s preparedness and success.4. Animations and Visual images:The challenge to supply instruction to pupils is how to educate them to hold a solid impact in their acquisition. In layperson footings, Animations, a type of optical semblance, are graphical shows that evolve overtime. A It could be pulling, objects, or people in assorted places of linear motion. However, when played, it produces a watercourse of unbroken gesture of images. Dwelling of a series of drawings or exposure on paper, life can be viewed with a mechanical device or tossing through handheld sequence of images. Animations could be seen on movies, picture, or computing machines. Visual images on other manus include inactive show of graphical images. Visual images can absorb a batch of information and show in a mode so that it memorizes. A AnimationA has a topographic point in acquisition and instructional applications.Programs that usage lifes or visual images attract student involvement and offer feedback that can heighten different acquisition manners. Animation is a great schoolroom activity, leting instructors and pupils to research and develop a more originative clip tabular array in Math, Science, English and many subject countries. Bing merriment, originative and hands-on acquisition, life encourages both instructors and pupils as they use simple IT pattern, and is unambiguously suited to all schoolrooms. The online centres website will be been designed to portion illustrations, resources, thoughts and attacks to life in instruction. All the life movies featured will be available to pupils and instructors to heighten the acquisition procedure. Animation can used to supply excess aid where it is needed. Content – related artworks ( both inactive and life ) and picture can assist better pupil attitudes and motive in certain topics, chiefly mathematics and scientific discipline.Technical Feasibility of the undertaking:All the above engineerings proposed that will be used in the edifice of the undertaking are available in the market. Labor demands for the undertaking: The undertaking will necessitate Senior flat direction including Project director and Professional staff including Software developers and Analysts. Office staff is required to pull off the centres. Physical location of the undertaking: It will necessitate a centre where pupils can see. The centre must be located in Africa. Technology Requirements: Computer Hardware and Software: The undertaking will necessitate computing machine systems with latest constellations and package. A database waiter and networking engineering to link client and waiter machines is required. Besides some basic systems that can be used by pupils to entree the stuff and information is needed. Internet connexion: High velocity cyberspace connexion is required.Commercial feasibleness:Fundss will be acquired from Education commissions that work towards development of instruction in Africa every bit good as from other developed states that allot financess in their budgets to assist educational systems in Africa.Technical Challenges:Choosing location of the instruction centre in Africa. If no cyberspace installation is available in distant countries, so towers will be needed for supplying internet connexion.Commercial Potential:The investing done in the undertaking will assist to supply quality instruction to pupils in Africa. Although there will be no touchable net income the return on our investing will be obtained by accomplishing development of African states through spread of instruction